1. Activity 7: Nervous System Histology, Brain, & Cranial Nerves
Chapters 14 & 15 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.
Objectives:
Histology: Identify structures indicated on three different slides or images of nervous system tissue. Some of these are also visible on the classroom model of a neuron.
Human brain: Identify listed structures of the human brain on classroom models, the cranial meninges, and structures involved in cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
Human brain: Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and number on a model and on the sheep brain.
Dissect a sheep brain and identify structures listed.
Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei & Cristin Fail

2. Nervous System Tissues: Spinal Cord Smear (Histology)

3. Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Illustration)

4. Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Histology)

5. Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Histology)

6. Nervous System Tissues: Teased Myelinated Nerve Fibers (Histology)

7. Nervous System Tissues: Multipolar Neuron Model

8. Nervous System Tissues: Multipolar Neuron Illustration

9. Brain Anatomy – Adult Human Brain

10. Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain

11. Brain Anatomy – Adult Human Brain

12. Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain

13. Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain

14. Brain Anatomy – Cerebrum

15. Brain Anatomy – Cerebrum
Cerebral hemispheres are divided by the longitudinal fissure into left and right sides
Central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from parietal lobes

16. Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain

17. Brain Anatomy – White Matter of Cerebrum

18. Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Hemispheres

19. Brain Anatomy – Hemispheric Lateralization

20. Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain

21. Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain & their Functions
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus)
Voluntary motor functions
Concentration
Verbal communication
Decision making
Planning
Personality
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)
Sensory functions (Pain, heat and other sensations)
Comprehension of language
Primary Visual Cortex
Processing visual information
Storing visual memories
Understanding Speech
Interpretation and storage of auditory and olfactory sensations
Breathing
Swallowing
Heart rate
Includes Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata
Coordination
Balance
Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns

22. Brain Anatomy – Primary Somatosensory Cortex
The amount of cortex devoted to any given body region is proportional to how richly innervated that region is.

23. Brain Anatomy – Homunculus Model
Which model is more realistic?

24. Brain Anatomy – Cross-section Brain Model
Corpus Callosum
Corpora Quadrigemina (Tectal Plate)
Superior Colliculus (pl. colliculi)
Inferior Colliculus
Cerebellum (Arbor Vitae)
4th Ventricle
Central canal of spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Pituitary gland
Optic Chiasm
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Septum Pellucidum
Fornix
Pineal Gland

25. Brain Anatomy – Corpus Callosum
Carries messages between the left and right hemispheres
Its under surface forms the roof of the body of the lateral ventricle.

26. Brain Anatomy - Diencephalon
Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

27. Brain Anatomy - Diencephalon

28. Brain Anatomy – Epithalamus & Pineal Gland
Pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone Melatonin.
Melatonin helps regulate day-night cycles known as the body’s Circadian Rhythm.

29. Brain Anatomy – Thalamus & the Interthalamic Adhesion
The Interthalamic Adhesion is located midsagitally and connects the left and right thalamic bodies

30. Brain Anatomy – Hypothalamus
Includes:
Pituitary Gland
Mammillary Body
Optic Chiasm
Optic Tracts
Infundibulum
3rd Ventricle

31. Brain Anatomy – Functions of Hypothalamus
Master control of the autonomic nervous system
Heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities and respiration
Master control of the endocrine system
Metabolism, growth, stress responses and reproduction
Regulation of body temperature
Body’s “thermostat”, detects altered blood temperatures, heat or cool the body: shivering/sweating
Control of emotional behavior
Emotional responses: pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment and sex drive
Control of food intake
Monitors levels of glucose and amino acids in the blood and produces sensations of hunger
Control of water intake
Monitors blood solute concentration
Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus directs the Pineal gland to secrete melatonin, regulating circadian rhythms.

32. Brain Anatomy – Brain Stem
Includes:
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

33. Brain Anatomy – Overview of Brain Stem Functions

34. Brain Anatomy – Midbrain
Includes:
Corpora Quadrigemina (tectal plate)
Superior Colliculus: Visual reflex center (turns eyes and head in response to visual stimulus)
Inferior Colliculus: Auditory reflex center (turns eyes and head in the direction of a sound)
Cerebral Peduncles

35. Brain Anatomy – Pons
Functions:
Bridge between the cerebellum and cerebrum
Houses cranial nerves
Trigeminal (CN V)
Abducens (CN VI)
Facial (CN VII)
Some of the nuclei for Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
Helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing

36. Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata
Functions:
Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
Controls blood pressure
Regulates respiratory rate
Involved in coughing, sneezing, salivating, swallowing, gagging and vomiting

37. Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata & Pons

38. Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata & Pons

39. Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum
Functions:
Processes sensory input
Coordinates movement output
Balance
Includes:
Vermis
Separates right and left hemispheres
Arbor Vitae (“tree of life”)

40. Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum

41. Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum

42. Brain Anatomy – Meninges and Spaces

43. Brain Anatomy – Cranial Dural Septa

44. Brain Anatomy – Dural Venous Sinuses

45. Brain Anatomy – Ventricles

46. Brain Anatomy – Ventricles

47. Brain Anatomy – Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

48. Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves
Olfactory nerve (I)
Optic nerve (II)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus Nerve (X)
Accessory Nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

49. Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves

50. Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves
Sensory, Motor or Both
Some
Say
Marry
Money
But My
Brother
Says
Big
Brains
Matter
Most

51. Brain Anatomy – Origins of Cranial Nerves

52. Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain

53. Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain

54. Brain Anatomy – Trigeminal Nerve

55. Brain Anatomy – Facial Nerve

56. Brain Anatomy – Vestibulocochlear Nerve

57. Brain Anatomy – Glossopharyngeal Nerve

58. Brain Anatomy – Vagus Nerve

59. Brain Anatomy – Accessory & Hypoglossal Nerve

60. Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Nuclei
Includes:
Caudate Nucleus
Lentiform Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Claustrum
Amygdaloid body

61. Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Nuclei

62. Brain Anatomy – Functions of Cerebral Nuclei
Caudate
Spatial processing
Posture and directed movements
Putamen
Controls muscular movements at the subconscious level
Globus Pallidus
Excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control muscle tone
Amygdaloid body
Expression of emotions , control of behavioral activities, development of moods
Claustrum
Processes visual information at a subconscious level

63. Brain Anatomy – Lobes & Structures of the BrainG. B. F. C. E. D.

64. Brain Anatomy – Lobes & Structures of the Brain
A. Central Sulcus
B. Frontal Lobe
C. Lateral Fissure
A. (groove) G.
D. Temporal Lobe B. F.
E. Transverse Fissure
F. Occipital Lobe
C. (groove)
G. Parietal Lobe E. D.
(groove)