1. Master in Energy and Bioenergy Dissertation m Generic life cycle assessment of the Jatropha biodiesel system Joana Almeida Promoter: Prof. Dr. Bart Muys Department of Earth and Environmental Science K U Leuven Co-promoter: Prof. Dr.ª Paula Duarte Grupo de Disciplinas da Ecologia da Hidrosfera FCT - UNL

2. Introduction Energy and biofuels 1

3. Adapted from Trabucco et al. (in preparation)  Low inputs  High yields  Non edible  Marginal soils  Pest resistant  …  Wild plant  Unknown optimal inputs  High variability  Lack of scientific information HYPE = RISK Introduction Jatropha 2

4. Introduction Problem statement Social Economic Environmental Sustainable Aim Generic environmental impact assessment of the Jatropha biodiesel system life cycle. 3

5. Goal and scope Inventory Impact assessment Interpretation  Conclusions  Recommendations  Product/system improvement  Policy making Introduction Life cycle assessment 4

6. Methodology Cultivation X 100 km Extraction Transesterification Consumption Seed cake Glycerine Fertilizer Glycerine Base system Reference system System boundary expansion Extraction Processing Distribution and storage Consumption JME Oil Seeds Crude oil Diesel Functional Unit: 5

7. Methodology Adapted from Trabucco et al. (in preparation) IMPACT2002+ Ecoindicator99 Global warming/Climate change Fossil energy consumption Eutrophication+acidification Ozone layer Land use/occupation X 6

8. Transesterification Scenarios Centralized Decentralized Seed cake as fertilizer Base Extraction and transesterification E D Seed cake as energy carrier C A Biodiesel exporting to Europe B 7

9. Scenarios Cultivation Extraction Transesterification Consumption Seed cake Glycerine Fertilizer Glycerine Base system Reference systemSystem boundary expansion Extraction Processing Distribution and storage Consumption JME Oil Seeds Crude oil Diesel Biogas Slurry Natural gas A C Pellets to electricity Electricity from coal 8

10. Results Global warming / Climate change 9

11. Results No n-renewable energy / Fossil fuels 10

12. Results Energy efficiency 11 Net Energy Ratio

13. Results Acidification and eutrophication 12

14. Results Ozone layer 13

15. Results Land occupation / use 14

16. Discussion Methodology 15 Methodological options Data quality Uncertainty Missing categories (land use change) Assumptions Generic = highly variable Scarcity Results Incompleteness

17. Discussion Results 16 Global warming Ozone layer Energy efficiency Seed cake as energy carrier Eutrophication and Acidification Exporting and centralizing Cultivation processes Overall balance follows trends described in literature for JME and biodiesel…

18. Discussion Benchmarking ~50% 59% ~91% 77% 67-77% Fobelets, 2009 Prueksakorn and Gheewala, 2006 Vandenbempt, 2008 67% 84% Ndong et al., 2009 Reduction in Global Warming Potential (%) 17

19. 18 Discussion Benchmarking Net Energy Ratio (Prueksakorn and Gheewala, 2006; Tobin, 2005; Reinhardt et al., 2007; Ndong et al., 2009; Fobelets, 2009; Sahapatsombut and Suppapitnarm, 2006) (Angarita et al., 2009; Plenangai and Gheewala, 2009; Papong et al., 2009; Yee et al., 2009; Vandenbempt, 2008; Sahapatsombut and Suppapitnarm, 2006) (Venturi et al., 2003; Hovelius and Hansson, 1999) (Venturi et al., 2003) Jatropha Palm Rape Soy SF Ref

20. Conclusions Trade offs Impact categories Data improvement Include further criteria Evaluation + Complete evaluation of the system’s sustainability Recommendations:  Know and improve Jatropha (biotechnology, breeding)  Know and optimize cultivation inputs  Benefit from by product use  Build scientifically sound information to guide investments 19

21. Acknowledgements Prof. Dr. Bart Muys Ir. Wouter Achten FORECOMAN Team Prof. Dr. Paula Duarte Prof. Dr. Benilde Mendes 20