1. Ultra Low Power Wireless February 13, 2012 University of Washington PMP Program EE542A Emanuel Allen Michael Hansen Saswata Mandal Jason Tsay

2. Presentation Overview Introduction Use Cases - Emanuel Heatlh Fitness Smart Energy Sensor Networking - Saswata The Internet of Things Network Protocols Network Topologies Overview of Wireless Technology - Michael Radio Architecture Data / Payload size/Range Battery Life Energy Harvesting - Jason Light Kinetic Thermal Q&A

3. Health Fatigue Science Monitors sleep patterns to offer an assessment of the user's risk of lowered performance due to fatigue Aviation Military Industrial Workers Nursing Professional Athletes Traveling Executives Medical Telemetry Blood Pressure Monitors Blood Glucose Meters Pulse Oximeters

4. Fitness Measure physiological properties, motion and other data and relay to user or analysis software Heart Rate Monitors Speed Sensors Cadence Sensors Foot Pods Power Meters Activity Monitors Calorimeters Body Mass Index Measuring Devices Position Tracking Short Range Homing Beacons (Disc Golf, GeoCaching) Weight Measuring Devices Control of Music Players Temperature Sensors

5. Smart Energy Connect household appliances to networks capable of controlling power availability and monitoring consumption Smart Appliances Smart Outlets Smart Meters Coordinators Analysis Applications

6. Cloud Connected Sensors

7. Networking of sensors

8. Networking protocol Lower layer protocol – 802.15.4 Phisical layer Mac layer – Dash7 –... Higher layer protocol – 802.2 - logical link control

9. 802.15.4 Network model Node type – Full function device – Reduced function device Topologies – Start topology – Peer to peer topology – Mesh topology

10. Star Topology

11. Peer to peer topology

12. Mesh topology

13. Wireless Technology Overview TechnologyRate*RangeCurrentBattery lifeAd hoc / mesh WWAN (UMTS,CDMA,) 1-10 Mbps 1000m1000mAHoursYes / No WLAN (WiFi) 1-100 Mbps 200m200mAHoursYes / Yes WPAN (Bluetooth) 0.1–1 Mbps <30m50mAWeeksYes / No WSAN (Zigbee) 0.5 Mbps 50m100uAMonths*Yes / Yes ULP (ANT & BLE) <0.1 Mbps <10m<50uAYearsYes / No

14. ULP Wireless Technologies Fundamentals Trade names ANT+, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 and variants Optimized for low power & long battery life Average current draw of 10-50uA Coin-Cell Operation Short bursts of data typically a few hundred bits or less Provides state of sensor/actuator information Foundation for Wireless Sensors Enables the Internet of Things.

15. Wi-Fi CH1Wi-Fi CH6Wi-Fi CH11 Physical Layer (PHY) for BLE 40 - 2 MHz wide channels on 2.4 GHz ISM Band – 3 used for advertising capabilities – no Frequency hopping – 37 for data transfer -Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum – Coexists with WiFi, BT Classic, Zigbee, ANT+ Modulation – 1 Mbps GFSK modulation index 0.5 – more robust than Classic BT RF Power (-20dBm to 10dBm) Receive Sensitivity – -70dBm (-90dBm is expected performance) Range – Typically <20m expected. up to 90 dB of link budget could go way further. 0123456789 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839 2402240424062408241024122414241624182420242224242426242824302432243424362438244024422444244624482450245224542456245824602462246424662468247024722474247624782480

16. BLE Link Layer (Channel Access) Advertisers Scanners Initiators State Machine –(1) Standby State –(2) Advertising State –(3) Scanning State –(4) Initiating State –(5) Connection State 0123456789 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839 2402240424062408241024122414241624182420242224242426242824302432243424362438244024422444244624482450245224542456245824602462246424662468247024722474247624782480 2 3 2 3 2 3 SlaveMaster 2 3 No connection Connection with variable data transfer

17. BLE Piconet Channel Master forms a STAR topology with Slave Devices. Once the connection made the master/slave(s) start hopping. The packet exchange is ‘time offset’ into the physical channel thus forming a TDMA for each Master/Slave pair Each Master/Slave packet pair exchange on a new PHY channel

18. Typical Power Profile for ULP (BLE) Mostly-OFF Technology Lower Standby current Faster Connection time RF is on for 0.6 to 1.2 ms RF is off for variable Connection Intervals..can “complete” a connection (scan for other devices, link, send data, authenticate and terminate) in just 3ms.

19. Typical ULP Wireless Hardware Moving towards single chip SoC designs. Crystal Transceiver Microcontroller Printed Antenna

20. Overview of Low Power Commercial Chipsets Typically consume 10 to 100mW for data rates of 200 to 2000Kbps StandardProprietaryIEEE 802.15.4BluetoothBluetooth LE CompanyNordicTIFreescaleSkyworksNordic Part numberRF24L01CC2420MC13192CX72303nRF8001 RX power (mW) 33.333.899.943.226.6 TX power (mW) 33.931.382.034.226.6 Max data- rate (kbps) 2000250 1000

21. Energy Harvesting Main Sources of Energy Harvesting Light Energy Kinetic Energy Thermal Energy Human Body – a combination of mechanical and thermal energy naturally generated from bio-organisms or through actions such as walking and sitting

22. Energy Harvesting SourceSource PowerEfficiencyHarvested Power Light Energy Indoor Outdoor 0.1 mW/cm 2 100 mW/cm 2 5-30%10 µW/cm 2 10 mW/cm 2 Kinetic Energy Human Industry 0.5m@1Hz 1m/s 2 @50Hz 1m@5Hz 10m/s 2 @1kHz 1-10%4 µW/cm 2 100 µW/cm 2 Thermal Energy Human Industry 20 mW/cm 2 100 mW/cm 2 ±0.1% ±3% 30 µW/cm 2 1-10 µW/cm 2 RF GSM0.3 µW/cm 2 ±50%0.1 µW/cm 2

23. Light Energy A 100mm 2 photovoltaic cell provides 1mW power 10% efficiency Depends on usage environment – Wireless sensors have to work indoor without direct sunlight – Amorphous silicon solar battery Absorbs fluorescent lamp wavelength

24. Kinetic Energy Electrostatic energy harvested by piezoelectric cells or flexible elastomers – Mechanical stress Micro wind power generation – 60mm diameter fan – Wind speed 2m/s – Enough to power a transceiver

25. Thermal Energy Thermoelectric effect (Seebeck effect) Thermoelectric generators – 5-10% efficiency – Voltage is created in the presence of a temperature difference between two different metals or semiconductors – Bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 ) semiconductor p-n junctions

26. References Bluetooth® Core Technical Specification document, version 4.0 – http://www.bluetooth.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Core_V40.zip http://www.bluetooth.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Core_V40.zip http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4 http://www.zigsense.com.au/zigbee_topologies.html https://www.bluetooth.org/OTV/3-TechnologyIntroduction/ http://www.nordicsemi.com/jpn/News/Press-Center/Press-Backgrounders/Bluetooth-low-energy-wireless-technology-backgrounder http://www.fatiguescience.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_debt http://www.nordicsemi.com/News/Press-Releases/Product-Related-News/World-s-first-production-ready http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_patient_monitoring http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT%2B http://www.zigbee.org/Products/CertifiedProducts/ZigBeeSmartEnergy.aspx http://www.geappliances.com/home-energy-manager/power-usage-monitor.htm http://www.electronichouse.com/article/ge_first_with_zigbee_smart_energy_appliances/C157 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee http://www.thisisant.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANT%2B http://www.bluegiga.com/files/bluegiga/Presentations/BT4_0_for_Apple.pdf Photos http://www.ti.com http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html http://www.thisisant.com/images/stories/product-images/Garmin/Forerunner310.jpg http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-s?cc=gb&lc=en http://www.isokineticsinc.com/mm5/graphics/00000001/ChestStrapChest500.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nkoRMLAl1jQ/Tc1xFo8P9KI/AAAAAAAAAYA/eQihDyQesf4/s400/Speed%2Bsensor%2Bon%2Bbike%2B1.jpg http://www.crookedbrains.net/2009/09/gadget.html http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/Low-Energy.aspx