2. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Session 2: SSR and PSO/ stabilisation

3. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Session Objectives Confirm understanding of Peace Support Operations (PSO) and related concepts Identify the common challenges for both PSO and SSR Appreciate the importance of Stabilisation within a PSO Framework

4. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT What is a PSO?

5. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT What is a PSO? A PSO is an operation that impartially makes use of diplomatic, civil and military means, normally in pursuit of the UN Charter’s purpose and principles, to restore or maintain peace. PSOs include: Conflict prevention Peacemaking Peace enforcement Peacekeeping Peacebuilding (EU/UNDP) Crisis Management – Civilian and Military Contributions Humanitarian operations, including R2P/Protection of Civilians

6. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT A Framework for Peace Support Operations Designated Enemy Non-Combat Prepared for/ Switch to Combat Combat No Consent or Consent Uncertain Self Defence Only Consent Promoting Techniques Enforcement and Consent Promoting Techniques Warfighting Techniques Chapter VI UN Charter Chapter VII UN Charter

7. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Common Challenges facing the SSR and PSO/Peacebuilding Communities Building Capacity and Operational Effectiveness Finding the Right Balance between Effectiveness and Accountability Long term strategic planning when there are IC pressures for “quick results” and an exit strategy. Building Local Ownership in fragile, messy contexts Coordination and Coherence........ with broader development processes; between donors; within donor governments; and with national actors

8. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Analysing the Space Conflict Intensity (Unit?) Time – Generations? “The Post Conflict Reconstruction and Development (PCRD) Space” IA X PA X DE X CF X CH Post Conflict Reconstruction and Development (PCRD) and SSR Violent Conflict Non - Violent

9. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Looking inside the PCRD Space Jigsaw Puzzle or Chess Board? Civil Society DDR CF Monitoring Regional Security SSR TRC Elections Institution Building Civilian Reconstruction Protecting Livelihoods Size – Shape – Sequencing – Pace - Balance PCRD and SSR

10. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT What are we trying to build? The Fabric of a Nation

11. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT PSO, Peacebuilding and SSR SSR is about delivering sustainable security and justice for people. SSR is an integrating process linking actors across the fields of PSO, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding SSR is connected to a range of stabilisation and reconstruction priorities. Eg. DDR, TJ, RoL and HR issues Closer coordination between SSR, Peacebuilding and Peacekeeping could lead to more efficient programming and effective outcomes. Successful peacebuilding should take full account of plans to transform the security and justice sectors

12. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Ceasefire Conflict Political Process UN Framework From Conflict Prevention to Peacebuilding Time Conflict Prevention PeacemakingPeace Enforcement Peacekeeping Post-conflict peacebuilding and preventing relapse to conflict

13. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Ceasefire Conflict Political Process UN Framework From Conflict Prevention to Peacebuilding Time Conflict Prevention PeacemakingPeace Enforcement Peacekeeping Post-conflict peacebuilding and preventing relapse to conflict Stabilisation

14. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Ceasefire Conflict Political Process UN Framework From Conflict Prevention to Peacebuilding Time SSR Preventing relapse into conflict Peacekeeping Peace EnforcementPeacemaking Conflict Prevention Post-conflict and peacebuilding Peacekeeping Stabilisation

15. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Ceasefire Conflict Political Process UN Framework with Integrated SSR From Conflict Prevention to Peacebuilding Time SSR Preventing relapse into conflict Peacekeeping Peace EnforcementPeacemaking Conflict Prevention Post-conflict and peacebuilding Peacekeeping Stabilisation SSS DDR SSS DDR PA

16. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Stabilisation – Buzz Groups Discuss; 1.What do you think is the main purpose of a Stabilisation Operation in a post-conflict country? 2.Identify 2 important linkages between SSR and Stabilisation?

17. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Stabilisation Stabilisation can be defined as: “...the process of establishing early peace and security in countries affected by conflict and instability. Central to the stabilisation process is the promotion of a peaceful political settlement to support a legitimate indigenous government, which can better respond to its people. Stabilisation often requires external support to indigenous efforts and is best undertaken through an integrated approach.” (UK Stabilisation Unit)

18. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT What Comes First? Development Education Stabilisation Eradicate Extreme Poverty Human Rights Women Rights Child Protection Sustainability Crime Prevention Reduce Hunger Combating HIV/AIDS EnvironmentPeacekeeping Peacebuilding

19. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Stabilisation - 4Ps The UK Government’s Stabilisation Unit describes ‘stabilisation’ as support to places emerging from violent conflict in: Preventing or reducing violence Protecting people and key institutions Promoting political processes which lead to greater stability; and Preparing for longer term non-violent politics and development. (Under Review Currently)

20. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Activities - Stabilisation of the State and the Security Sector Provide basic protection for local communities, including access to food supplies, water, health and electricity Provide basic organisational capacity for a degree of rule of law to prevail (police and justice enforcement) Manage the impact and future of former adversarial groups, militias and other non-state actors - DDR Plan for future of existing statutory security forces, including strategies for vetting, transformation or disbanding Seek to support of the wider political process, linked to an overall national / international recovery strategy.

21. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT What Key Elements are inside the PSO/SSR Nexus? SSR PSO Nexus Focus on both State and Human Security Balance short-term urgent priorities/longer-term peacebuilding Part of a broader stabilization/PSO/development process

22. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Results - IAPTC PSO/SSR Training Survey PSO/SSR Nexus – Potential Key Elements 1.Stabilisation, especially Security Sector Stabilisation (SSS) 2.DDR 3.Military Reform/Integration 4.Building Networks with Security and Justice Actors 5.Police Reform/Integration 6.Political Coordination 7.A National Security Architecture 8.Building Civil Society Capacity 9.Equal opportunities, gender and representivity 10.A National Security and Justice Communications Strategy Others: CMR; Peace Agreements; Anti-corruption; Military justice reform; Concensus on priorities. The Actual PSO/SSR (linking) elements will depend on Context and Circumstances

23. Session 2 © DCAF/ISSAT Remember SSR is a key component of effective Peace Support Operations with many common principles and key actors Challenges How best to integrate and harmonise SSR efforts across the PSO Spectrum from Conflict Prevention to Peacebuilding How to stabilise the Security Sector – Security Sector Stabilisation (SSS) How to create the conditions for successful PSO/SSR A Start Point – combine PSO, Stabilisation and SSR training