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Screening Tests and Safety Interventions for Older Drivers Chris Hatherly Ageing Research Unit, Centre for Mental Health Research, ANU
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Outline Older Drivers – Overview Screening Tests Test of Peripheral Seeing Predicting Hazard Detection Interventions Visual Perception Training
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Why is this important? Population Ageing By 2050, 1 in 4 Australians will be over 65 6-8% of the population over 85 ‘Ageing in Place’ = independent mobility needs Older drivers: Have an increased risk of injury or death Are over-represented in multi-vehicle intersection accidents
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Safety Priorities Screening Better Detection = Increased Road Safety Training Improve Safety and Maintain Mobility
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Outline Older Drivers – Overview Screening Tests Test of Peripheral Seeing Predicting Hazard Detection Interventions Visual Perception Training
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Screening Medical/Vision Screening SA – 70, 75, then annually ACT, WA – 75, then annually Qld – 75, then every 5 yrs Tas – 75, 77, 79, 80, then annually NSW – 80, then annually Victoria, NT – Nothing
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Visual Screening 90% of driving information is visual However… Standard Visual tests have low, or no correlation with driving safety Tests of ‘Visual Perception’ show more promise for screening
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Useful Field of View®
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Study One Aims Expand on the Useful Field Of View concept to: Develop a validated screening measure for older drivers
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TOPS – Spatial Score
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TOPS – Temporal Score
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Outline Older Drivers – Overview Screening Tests Test of Peripheral Seeing Predicting Hazard Detection Interventions Visual Perception Training
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Outcome Measures Driving Hazard Perception Test (Horswill et al., 2008) Road Hazard Change Detection Test
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Hazard Perception Test
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Hypotheses 1.TOPS will predict detection times for peripheral hazards 2.Far peripheral prediction will be better for TOPS than UFOV
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Method Multiple Regression, with Covariates Age, years education, MMSE, Choice RT Sample = 190 (average age = 75)
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Results – Change Blindness Prediction of CBT Response Time (% unique variance explained) NearMidFar TOPS – Spatial 3.7%*2.2%2.4% TOPS - Temporal 20.2%*24.6%**24%** UFOV3.4%**1.7%1.8%* * p<0.5; ** p<0.01; ***p<0.001
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Conclusions TOPS uniquely predicts detection of peripheral hazards. Validation with on-road sample – still to come
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Outline Older Drivers – Overview Screening Tests Test of Peripheral Seeing Predicting Hazard Detection Interventions Visual Perception Training
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TOPS - Training To improve range and efficiency of peripheral visual processing Cortical Plasticity – most improvement with varied tasks that are appropriately difficult
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And again, at full speed!
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TOPS – Training Task 3 x 45-60 minute sessions 12 different tasks of increasing difficulty Program adjusts: Difficulty (speed, number of ‘distractors’) Target Placement (focus on areas of poor performance) Spread of targets into periphery
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Training Study Design
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Training Study - Results 21 Participants – each 9 sessions 3 Assessment, 3 health literacy, 3 vision training 824% Improvement on TOPS training task (range 356% - 1,481%) Anecdotal Improvement More efficient vision Greater awareness
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Training Study - Results Preliminary Analyses Significant improvement on TOPS screening task following visual training (t(36) = 5.34, p<0.05)
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Conclusions Adaptive visual training can improve speed and efficiency of peripheral vision. Does it translate to improved driving? Does the improvement last?
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Acknowledgements NRMA – ACT Road Safety Trust Australian Research Council Supervisor – Professor Kaarin Anstey Project Chief Investigators: Joanne Wood, Mark Horswill, Nancy Pachana, Nick Barnes and project staff Study participants
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Thank you! chatherly@gmail.com
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