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Published byGodfrey Watkins Modified over 8 years ago
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Urban Patterns Ch. 13
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Why Services Cluster Downtown
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CBD Land Uses The central business district takes up <1% of urban land area but contains a large percentage of services offered in the city Includes public services, business services, and retail services
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Competition for Land in the CBD High demand for the limited space in the CBD has encouraged vertical development Underground CBD Skyscrapers
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Distribution of People in Urban Areas
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Models of Urban Structure: Concentric Zone Model by Burgess Concentric Zone Model was the first to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas Model suggests that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings These rings surround the CBD
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Models of Urban Structure: Sector Model by Hoyt The Sector Model suggests a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings. As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center.
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Models of Urban Structure: Multiple Nuclei Model by Harris and Ullman The Multiple Nuclei Model suggests a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. Ex: ports, universities, parks, airports
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Geographic Applications of the Models Models explain where people with different social characteristics tend to live and why. Some models may seem too simple or dated to explain contemporary urban patterns. Combining the models help geographers explain where different types of people live in a city.
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Geographic Applications of the Models Examples: Concentric Zone Model Families in newer houses tend to live in an outer ring, and families in older houses tend to live in an inner ring Sector Model The family with the higher income will not live in the same sector as the family with a lower income Nuclei Model People with the same ethnic background are likely to live near each other
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Applying the Models in Europe Sectors In Europe, the wealthy still live in the inner portions of the upper-class sector (not the suburbs) Concentric Zones In Europe, most of the new housing built in the suburbs is high-rise apt buildings for low-income people and recent immigrants
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Applying the Models in Developing Countries The poor are accommodated in suburbs. The wealthy live near the center of the city, as well as in a sector extending from the center.
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Stages of Cities in Developing Countries: Precolonial Cities Before the Europeans established colonies, most people lived in rural settlements There were only a few principal cities in Latin America, Asia and Africa Ex: Tenochtitlan, Mexico (present-day now Mexico City)
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Stages of Cities in Developing Countries: Colonial Cities European colonizers expanded existing cities to provide colonial services Since independence, cities have become the focal points of change, often attracting millions of migrants in search of work.
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The South American City SA cities blend traditional elements of SA culture with globalization forces that are reshaping the urban scene, combining radial sectors and concentric zones The thriving CBD anchors the model Shantytowns are unplanned groups of crude dwellings that develop around cities
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The African City Europeans laid out prominent urban centers during colonialism Their imprint is still visible in African cities, and South Africa’s major cities are essentially Western The African city usually has three CBDs: a remnant of the colonial CBD, an informal or periodic market zone, and a transitional business center where commerce is conducted
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Expansion of Urban Areas
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The Peripheral Model According to the peripheral model, an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. Around the beltway are nodes of consumer and business services called edge cities.
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Defining Urban Settlements Cities have been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit. An urban area consists of a dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core. Includes urbanized areas and urbanized clusters
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Defining Urban Settlements The metropolitan statistical area measures the functional area of a city, including: An urbanized area w/a population of at least 50,000 The county Adjacent counties with a high population and residents working in the central city’s county
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Urban Sprawl Urban sprawl is the unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning To counter this, urban planners have outlined a design vision called new urbanism, which includes development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
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Suburban Sprawl and Segregation The flattening of the density gradient for a metropolitan area means that its people and services are spread out over a larger area US suburbs are characterized by sprawl, the progressive spread of development over the landscape The modern residential suburb is segregated in two ways: Social class Land uses
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Urban Transportation: Motor Vehicles Motor vehicles permitted large-scale development of suburbs at greater distances from the city center As reducing pollution is a growing concern in urban areas, automakers scramble to bring alternative-fuel vehicles to the market
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Urban Transportation: Public Transit Benefits Moves more people Cost effective Relatively less pollutants More energy efficient Limitations Not offered in most US cities Most Americans overlook the benefits
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Challenges of Urbanization
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Changing Urban Physical Geography: The Process of Deterioration Neighborhoods can easily shift from predominantly middle-class to low- income if more low-income residents move to a city, resulting in the following: Filtering Redlining Public housing
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Changing Urban Social Geography: Underclass Inner-city residents are frequently referred to as underclass and deal with a variety of problems: Higher unemployment and poverty Potentially higher crime rates Deteriorated schools Lack of affordable housing They live in a culture of poverty
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Urban Economic Challenges Lower-income inner-city residents require public services but pay little of the taxes needed to fund the services. As a result, cities with the choice to either reduce services or raise tax revenues
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