2.  A group of words that does not contain a subject and a predicate.  Functions in a sentence as a single part of speech (preposition, adjective, or adverb)  How many prepositions can you think of?

3. about above across after against around at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond by down during except for from in inside into like near of off on out outside over since through throughout till to toward under until up upon with without according to because of by way of in addition to in front of in place of in regard to in spite of instead of on account of out of

4.  Adjective phrases – prepositional phrases that modify nouns or pronouns  Example: The central character of the story is a villain.  Adverb phrases – prepositional phrases that modify verbs or adverbs are adverb phrases.  Example: He reveals his nature in the first scene.

5. Essential appositive – provides information that is needed Example: The biography is about the courageous African American abolitionist Harriet Tubman. Nonessential appositive – provides information that is not needed Example: The story, a biography, describes how activists rescued people from slavery.

6.  What kind of word or phrase begins with to and functions as a noun?  Infinitive ◦ Example: To show bravery is challenging.  What kind of word or phrase functions as an adjective?  Participial ◦ Examples: The dying man had a smile on his face. The abandoned castle piqued our curiosity.  What kind of word or phrase ends in –ing and functions a noun?  Gerund  Example: Jogging is my favorite exercise.

7.  Independent clause (a.k.a. main clause) – can stand alone as a sentence. ◦ Example: I enjoyed The Hunger Games. ◦ Example: I read it twice, and I gave it to a friend. Note: two independent clauses are joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction.

8.  F or  A nd  N or  B ut  O r  Y et  S o Two independent clauses can also be joined by a semicolon (;)

9. 1. Adjective Clauses Usually follow the noun or pronoun it modifies. Usually introduced by who, whom, whose, which, and that Example: Lizabeth, who was angered by her father’s crying, tore up her neighbor’s flowerbed. Can be essential or nonessential Example: She would enjoy disturbing John Burke who would curse at her. *essential – necessary to identify the preceding noun or pronoun Example: The marigolds, which were brilliant shades of yellow and gold, were destroyed by the children. *nonessential – meaning is already clear.  NOTE: Nonessential clauses are set off with commas.

10. 2. Adverb Clauses Modify verbs, adverbs, or adjectives Introduced by a subordinating conjunction Usually occur at the beginning or end of sentences Example: When he got bored, Nick told stories. Example: Most people study more than Bob does. He was excited because a cyclone was forming. Note: An adverb clause should be followed by a comma when it comes before a main clause. When an adverb clause comes after a main clause, a comma may not be needed.

11. 3. Noun Clauses May be used a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a predicate nominative, or the object of a preposition. Introduced by pronouns (that, what, who, whoever, which) or by subordinating conjunctions (how, when, where, why, and whether) Example: I know whose woods these are. Example: Give a copy to whoever wants one. Note: To tell the difference between an adjective and noun clauses, figure out how the clause functions in the sentence. If you can substitute something or someone for the clause, it is probably a noun clause.

12.  Simple Sentence: One independent (main) clause, no dependent (subordinate) clauses  Compound Sentence: Two or more independent (main) clauses, no dependent (subordinate) clauses  Complex Sentence: one independent (main) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses.  Compound-Complex Sentence: two independent (main) clauses and at least one dependent (subordinate) clauses