2. Career Profile  Dairy Scientist  What they do:  Study Dairy cattle and milk production  Work in the field and on dairy farms  Education:  College degree in dairying, animal science or related field  Many have masters or doctorate degrees  Practical experience on a dairy farm or in milk processing is necessary  Start preparing in high school  Jobs are with  Colleges, research stations, govt agencies, and agribusinesses

3. Inherited Traits and Mutations  Offspring inherit traits from both parents  Traits include:  Color  Milk Capacity  Horns  Polled and Horned  Size  Type  Dairy, Beef, Race, Herding

4. Exceptions to Inherited Traits  Mutant  An offspring that has different traits from the parents  Mutations can occur naturally or can be created by radiation or chemicals  Typically a major characteristic that is noticeably different from the parents

5. Purebred  Purebred  An animal registered with a breed association or eligible for registry  The breed has established standards and criteria  Some breed associations:  ACK (American Kennel Club)  AQHA (American Quarter Horse Association)  CFA (Cat Fancier’s Association)

6. Pedigrees  Pedigree: a proof of the genetic ancestry of the individual animal  Most pedigrees go back no more than 5 generations  Purebreds have pedigrees

7. Breeding Systems  Breeding: the process of helping the animal reproduce  Used to improve quality  Used to create new breeds  Breeding System: the way animals are selected for mating to get certain results  Control heredity  Systems examples: Straightbreeding and Crossbreeding

8. Straightbreeding  Mating animals of the same breed  There are three approaches to straightbreeding:  Purebred breeding  Outcrossing  Inbreeding

9. Purebred Breeding  Mating of a purebred animal with another purebred animal  Registered animals  There are a lot of known things:  Pedigree  Genetics  Heritage

10. Purebred Breeding  Goal:  Emphasize the desired traits of a breed and produce high quality animals  Sometime undesirable traits may become present  Dalmatians and deafness  Pugs and respiratory problems

11. Outcrossing  The mating of animals of the same breed but different families  Good way to expand the genetic background  Help remove undesirable traits

12. Inbreeding  Mating closely related animals of the same breed  Sir (father) may be mated with their daughters or sons mated with their dam(mother)  Producers of “foundation stock” use inbreeding

13. Crossbreeding  Mating animals of different breeds but of the same species  Mating of two purebred animals or mating a purebred with a grade (not purebred or mixed breed) animal  Hybrid vigor- the offspring usually inherits the best traits from both parents  Undesirable traits are eliminated