1. Approaches and History of Psychology

2. Modern Psychology The science of ________ The science of ________and _________ processes.

3. Behavior – Behavior –____________behaviors Mental Processes – (Cognition) ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Mental Processes – (Cognition) ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

4. Psychology is a Science – Why? It seeks to ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________, and ________ behavior and the mental processes underlying behavior. ________ behavior and the mental processes underlying behavior.

5. Limits of Intuition and Common Sense _____________ Bias _____________ Bias tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it the “________________” phenomenon the “________________” phenomenon ______________ ______________ we tend to think we know _____ than we do we tend to think we know _____ than we do

6. Nature-Nurture Debate Nature – Influence of _________ on behavior. Nature – Influence of _________ on behavior. Nurture – Influence of __________ on behavior. Nurture – Influence of __________ on behavior.

7. Philosophy to Psychology Socrates & Plato – “Humans possess innate (_________) knowledge.” Socrates & Plato – “Humans possess innate (_________) knowledge.” Aristotle – “All knowledge comes from ____________. Aristotle – “All knowledge comes from ____________. “We derive truth thru systematic observation” Laid the basis for the scientific method Laid the basis for the scientific method.

8. Dualism Divides the world and all things in it into two parts _______and _________. Divides the world and all things in it into two parts _______and _________.

9. Rene Descartes “I think therefore I am” “I think therefore I am” Physical world follows a set of observable laws or rules. Physical world follows a set of observable laws or rules. The mind is not observable and is not subject to natural laws. The mind is not observable and is not subject to natural laws. _________________interact – Dualism. _________________interact – Dualism. ________________ – where they interact. ________________ – where they interact.

10. Francis Bacon One of the founders of modern science. One of the founders of modern science. His ideas led to __________ – science flourishes through observation and _____________. His ideas led to __________ – science flourishes through observation and _____________.

11. John Locke Empiricism – The acquisition of truth through observations and experiences. Empiricism – The acquisition of truth through observations and experiences. ‘_____________’- blank slate. Used this term to describe the mind of a child. ‘_____________’- blank slate. Used this term to describe the mind of a child.

12. Thomas Hobbes Materialism – The only thing that exists are _________ and _________. Materialism – The only thing that exists are _________ and _________. "The universe is corporeal; all that is real is material, and what is not material is not real." --The Leviathan

13. Natural Selection Charles Darwin Charles Darwin “Origin of Species” “Origin of Species” Those who are best _______ to their environment are more likely to reproduce. Those who are best _______ to their environment are more likely to reproduce.

14. Germany and the Roots of Psychology Psychophysics – _________________ – The physiology of sensations. Psychophysics – _________________ – The physiology of sensations. “Elements of Psychophysics” “Elements of Psychophysics” ____________________ – Theory on color perception. ____________________ – Theory on color perception.

15.  Opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Liepzig (c. 1879) _____________________

16. Wilhelm Wundt Viewed as the founder of Psychology Viewed as the founder of Psychology Defined Psychology as the “_______________” Defined Psychology as the “_______________” Explore psychic phenomena only Explore psychic phenomena only

17. ________________ Wundt’s theory Wundt’s theory The mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations. The mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations.

18. Structuralism Wundt’s theory brought to America Wundt’s theory brought to America Concerned with the “structure” of the mind and its parts. Concerned with the “structure” of the mind and its parts. _____________ - Careful self-examination and reporting of one’s conscious experience. (Structuralism) _____________ - Careful self-examination and reporting of one’s conscious experience. (Structuralism) Ex. Show someone a light and ask them to report their conscious reactions to the stimulus (what it looked like, how long it lasted) Ex. Show someone a light and ask them to report their conscious reactions to the stimulus (what it looked like, how long it lasted)

19. Edward Titchener Student of Wundt’s Student of Wundt’s Brought __________ to _____________ Brought __________ to _____________ Concerned with the “___________” of the mind and its parts Concerned with the “___________” of the mind and its parts

20. __________________ Wrote the first textbook in psychology

21. Functionalism _____________________ theory _____________________ theory Focuses on the ______________ of behavior Focuses on the ______________ of behavior Heavily influenced by _________ (Natural Selection) Heavily influenced by _________ (Natural Selection) Believed Introspection was unreliable Believed Introspection was unreliable

22. Popular ‘James’ Ideas _____________ – Behaviors are chosen if they work for you. _____________ – Behaviors are chosen if they work for you. “Stream of Consciousness” “Stream of Consciousness”

23. ____________ The brain perceives the world in meaningful patterns or wholes The brain perceives the world in meaningful patterns or wholes “The whole is more than a sum of its parts.” “The whole is more than a sum of its parts.” German for “___________” German for “___________” Max Wertheimer Max Wertheimer Discovered on a __________ Discovered on a __________

24. History of Psychology: Behaviorism Psychology must study _______________ objectively Psychology must study _______________ objectively Stimulus – Response Stimulus – Response Founded by _______________ Founded by _______________ Dominated Psychology from 1920’s – 1960’s Dominated Psychology from 1920’s – 1960’s Currently called “Learning” Currently called “Learning”

25. Behaviorism Pavlov – _______________________ Pavlov – _______________________ John Watson – Classical conditioning applied to “______________” John Watson – Classical conditioning applied to “______________” B.F. Skinner – ____________conditioning B.F. Skinner – ____________conditioning Expanded to behaviorism to include Reinforcement – stimuli that encourages or discourages certain responses Expanded to behaviorism to include Reinforcement – stimuli that encourages or discourages certain responses “_______________________________” “_______________________________”

26. Behavioral Example An outgoing person is so because they were _____________ for interacting with others. An outgoing person is so because they were _____________ for interacting with others.

27. Psychoanalysis ______________’s theory ______________’s theory Concerned with individuals and with their mental problems. Concerned with individuals and with their mental problems. Currently called _________________ Currently called _________________

28. Psychoanalysis Drew a distinction between consciousness – awareness to__________________– and unconscious – mental processes to which we _________ have access. Drew a distinction between consciousness – awareness to__________________– and unconscious – mental processes to which we _________ have access.

29. Psychodynamic Example A shy person avoids social situations because of a _____________ (memory ______ down ______________________) memory of trauma in childhood involving a social situation. A shy person avoids social situations because of a _____________ (memory ______ down ______________________) memory of trauma in childhood involving a social situation.

30. Psychology Today: Humanist Perspective Stressed individual _______ and _________________ Stressed individual _______ and _________________ Currently called “____________ Psychology” Currently called “____________ Psychology”

31. Humanistic Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow ____________ ________ – Need to reach one’s full potential ____________ ________ – Need to reach one’s full potential Accepting yourself, knowing your __________ and ___________ Accepting yourself, knowing your __________ and ___________

32. Humanistic Carl Rogers Carl Rogers Preacher turned psychologist Preacher turned psychologist Stressed Unconditional _____________________ (love) Stressed Unconditional _____________________ (love) His ideas are commonly used in therapy His ideas are commonly used in therapy

33. Humanistic Example A person may choose to not be outgoing because they find that their social needs are better met by contact with a few close friends rather than large groups. A person may choose to not be outgoing because they find that their social needs are better met by contact with a few close friends rather than large groups.

34. Biological Perspective Look for purely physiological processes to explain behavior Look for purely physiological processes to explain behavior Looks at human cognition and reaction in terms of genes, ___________________________ Looks at human cognition and reaction in terms of genes, ___________________________

35. Biological Example An outgoing person may be so because of their ______ inherited from their parents and the genes effects on certain ________________ in the brain. An outgoing person may be so because of their ______ inherited from their parents and the genes effects on certain ________________ in the brain.

36. Behavioral Genetics How genes and ___________ contribute to individual differences How genes and ___________ contribute to individual differences

37. Cognitive Perspective Examines human thought and behavior in terms of how we _________________________ events. Examines human thought and behavior in terms of how we _________________________ events. Cognitions – “________________” Cognitions – “________________” Replace the __________ approach as the predominant approach. Replace the __________ approach as the predominant approach.

38. Cognitive Example Ex. An outgoing person “sees’ the world in a way that being outgoing makes sense. Ex. An outgoing person “sees’ the world in a way that being outgoing makes sense.

39. Evolutionary Perspective Examines human thoughts and actions in terms of ____________ selection. Examines human thoughts and actions in terms of ____________ selection. Traits that are advantageous for survival are passed down from parents to the next generation. Traits that are advantageous for survival are passed down from parents to the next generation.

40. Evolutionary Example If someone is outgoing they might make friends, improving their chances for ___________.

41. Social-Cultural Perspective Looks at how our thoughts and behaviors very from people living in other ___________. Looks at how our thoughts and behaviors very from people living in other ___________. Deals with the influence of ____________ on an individual’s behavior. Deals with the influence of ____________ on an individual’s behavior.

42. Social-Cultural Example An outgoing person might be examined by studying a person’s ________ about social interaction. An outgoing person might be examined by studying a person’s ________ about social interaction. How much _______ does the culture place on being part of a group versus being an individual? How much _______ does the culture place on being part of a group versus being an individual?

43. ___________ Someone who believes that no one perspective has all the answers to the variety of human thought and behavior. Therefore they pick and choose from the different perspectives. Someone who believes that no one perspective has all the answers to the variety of human thought and behavior. Therefore they pick and choose from the different perspectives.

44. Types of Research ______ Research – Adds to psychology knowledge base ______ Research – Adds to psychology knowledge base _________ Research – Aims to solve practical problems _________ Research – Aims to solve practical problems

45. Contemporary Psychology  Psychology’s Subfields  Basic Research  __________ psychologists explore the links between brain and mind  _____________ psychologists study changing abilities from womb to tomb  ________ psychologists study how we perceive, think, and solve problems

46. Contemporary Psychology  Psychology’s Subfields  Basic Research  ____________ psychologists investigate our persistent traits  _________ psychologists explore how we view and affect one another

47. Contemporary Psychology  Psychology’s Subfields  Applied Research  _______________________________ psychologists study and advise on behavior in the workplace  _________ psychologists study, assess, and treat people with psychological disorders

48. Contemporary Psychology  Psychiatry  A branch of __________ dealing with psychological disorders  Practiced by _________ who sometimes use medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychotherapy