1. CSC 450 Artificial Intelligence

2. W HAT IS AI? Thinking humanlyThinking rationally Acting humanlyActing rationally Revision!...

3. A CTING H UMANLY : T HE T URING T EST Alan Turing (1912-1954) “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950) Human Interrogator Human AI System Imitation Game

4. A CTING H UMANLY : T HE T URING T EST Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes. Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years. Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language, understanding, learning. Revision!...

5. T HINKING H UMANLY : C OGNITIVE M ODELLING Not content to have a program correctly solving a problem. More concerned with comparing its reasoning steps to traces of human solving the same problem. Requires testable theories of the workings of the human mind: cognitive science. Revision!...

6. T HINKING R ATIONALLY : L AWS OF T HOUGHT Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to codify “right thinking”, i.e., irrefutable reasoning processes. Formal logic provides a precise notation and rules for representing and reasoning with all kinds of things in the world. Obstacles:  Informal knowledge representation.  Computational complexity and resources. Revision!...

7. A CTING R ATIONALLY Acting so as to achieve one’s goals, given one’s beliefs. Does not necessarily involve thinking. Advantages:  More general than the “laws of thought” approach.  More amenable to scientific development than human- based approaches. Revision!...

8. AI P REHISTORY PhilosophyLogic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality MathematicsFormal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability Economicsutility, decision theory Neurosciencephysical substrate for mental activity Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques Computer building fast computers engineering Control theorydesign systems that maximize an objective function over time Linguisticsknowledge representation, grammar 28/01/2012 8 lec 1, CSC 102 by Asma Kausar@UT, Tabouk

9. M ILESTONES IN AI 1923 Karel Capek's play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots) opens in London (1923). First use of the word 'robot' in English. 1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts publish "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943), laying foundations for neural networks. First work generally recognized as AI. Proposed a model of connected artificial neurons, capable of computing any computable function, and capable of learning. Used 3000 vacuum tubes to simulate a network of 40 neurons. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_McCulloch http://www.csulb.edu/~cwallis/artificialn/warren_mcculloch.html 9 9

10. A BRIDGED HISTORY OF AI 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 1956Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted 1952—69Look, Ma, no hands! 1950sEarly AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine 1965Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1966—73AI discovers computational complexity Neural network research almost disappears 1969—79Early development of knowledge-based systems 1980-- AI becomes an industry 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity 1987--AI becomes a science 1995--The emergence of intelligent agents 28/01/2012 10 lec 1, CSC 102 by Asma Kausar@UT, Tabouk

11. S TATE OF THE ART Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades (conjecture: unproven proposition) No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans 28/01/2012 11 lec 1, CSC 102 by Asma Kausar@UT, Tabouk

12. M AJOR BRANCHES OF AI 12 Weak AI. The study and design of machines that perform intelligent tasks. Not concerned with how tasks are performed, mostly concerned with performance and efficiency, such as solutions that are reasonable for NP-Complete problems. E.g., to make a flying machine, use logic and physics, don’t mimic a bird.

13. M AJOR BRANCHES OF AI 13 Strong AI. The study and design of machines that simulate the human mind to perform intelligent tasks. Borrow many ideas from psychology, neuroscience. Goal is to perform tasks the way a human might do them – which makes sense, since we do have models of human thought and problem solving.

14. B RANCHES OF AI 14

15. AI P ROGRAMMING L ANGUAGES 15 IPL RITA ROSIE PROLOG LISP

16. T OP AI S CHOOLS AND C OMPANIES Top AI Schools Stanford University MIT Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) Berkeley Also Toronto, Washington, Illinois, Texas, Maryland, Edinburgh, UCLA, Karlsruhe, and many others.… Top research labs Microsoft Research (MSR) IBM Research AT&T Labs Xerox PARC, SRI, ATR (Japan), … 16