1. History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945

2. Jimmy Carter

3. Jimmy Carter 1977-1981

4. Jimmy Carter came to Washington promising to expunge shame of Vietnam and Watergate and to restore morality to foreign policy

5. Carter’s Playboy Interview, 1976

8. 1976

10. Stark division between Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, who wanted to deemphasize Cold War and pursue negotiations, and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, who was sharply anti-Soviet Cyrus Vance Zbigniew Brzezinski

11. Jimmy Carter 1977-1981

12. Carter initially leaned toward Vance

13. ... but later favored Brzezinski

14. Carter initially promised “absolute” commitment to human rights

15. ... but in the end promoted human rights only selectively

16. Camp David Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter, and Menachem Begin

17. Camp David Carter’s goals for Arab- Israeli diplomacy in 1977

18. Camp David 1977—Carter tried to convene conference in Geneva attended by Israel, Arab states, Palestinians, and great powers (including Soviet Union) to resolve Arab- Israeli dispute; Israel strongly objected

19. Anwar Sadat of Egypt

20. Camp David Fall 1977—Anwar Sadat stunned world by flying to Israel to meet directly with Israelis

21. Camp David... but talks soon bogged down Sadat addressing Israeli Knesset, November 1977

22. Camp David September 1978—Carter invited Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to come to Camp David to work out deal

23. Camp David Agreement consisted of two parts: 1. Israeli withdrawal from Sinai in exchange for Egyptian peace treaty with Israel

24. Camp David Agreement consisted of two parts: 2. Israeli-Egyptian-Jordanian negotiations over fate of West Bank and Gaza, taking into consideration “legitimate rights” of Palestinians (Part 2 failed for lack of Jordanian cooperation)

25. Relations with China 1976—Mao Zedong died and was succeeded by Deng Xiaoping

26. General agreement within Carter administration that US should improve relations with China, but disagreement over how far or how fast process should go

27. Vance and Brzezinski

28. Vance wanted to go slowly so as not to alarm Soviet Union, while Brzezinski wanted to go fast to make Soviets sweat

29. Brzezinski prevailed

30. 1979—US established diplomatic relations with China, granted it Most Favored Nation status (which was denied to USSR) Deng and Carter during Deng’s visit to US, January 1979

31. Relations with Soviet Union In 1974 Gerald Ford and Leonid Brezhnev had met in Vladivostok and concluded provisional deal: Each superpower to be limited to 2,400 launchers and 1,320 multiple, independently-targeted reentry vehicles (MIRVS)

32. Relations with Soviet Union 1977—Carter tried to scrap “Vladivostok formula” in favor of deeper cuts on both sides, but Soviets refused

33. Relations with Soviet Union 1979—US and Soviets concluded SALT II agreement, which reaffirmed Vladivostok formula: each side limited to 2,400 strategic launchers and 1,320 MIRVs

34. Relations with Soviet Union 1979—US and Soviets concluded SALT II agreement, which reaffirmed Vladivostok formula: each side limited to 2,400 strategic launchers and 1,320 MIRVs

35. Iranian revolution Since CIA-backed coup in 1953, Shah Mohamed Reza Pahlavi had governed Iran with iron hand, crushing dissent by means of SAVAK, his secret police

36. US support for Shah was especially strong under Nixon

39. Iranian revolution Early 1979— Popular uprising overthrew Iranian regime

40. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Iran and took over

41. Fall 1979—Carter allowed shah to enter US for medical treatment

42. November 1979—Iranian students seized US embassy in Tehran and took hostages

45. Chaos in Iran caused disruption of oil shipments, leading to gas shortages in US

47. December 1979—Soviets invaded Afghanistan to put down revolt by Afghan Mujahidin

48. Soviet concerns about Afghanistan

49. Brezhnev

50. December 1979—Soviets invaded Afghanistan to put down revolt by Afghan Mujahidin

51. imposed economic sanctions against USSR called for boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympic Games issued Carter Doctrine increased military budget Carter’s response

52. drew closer to Pakistan stepped up support for Afghan Mujahidin Carter’s response Pakistani President Zia al-Haq

53. By spring 1980 Carter was under growing pressure to do something about hostage situation

56. April 1980—Carter sent mission to rescue hostages

57. ... effort failed disastrously

59. Fall 1980—Ronald Reagan ran against Carter

60. November 1980—Ronald Reagan elected president

61. As lame duck, Carter worked tirelessly to secure release of hostages

62. Carter reached deal with Iran: in exchange for release of hostages, US would return $8 billion in frozen Iranian assets and pledge not to interfere in Iran’s internal affairs

63. Hostages released minutes after Ronald Reagan took oath of office