1. Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics

2. phylogeny systematics taxonomy taxon

3. How to categorize life? life vs. non-life (?prehistory) plants (non-motile) vs. animals (motile) Greek philosophers including Aristotle (born 384 - died 322 BC)

4. add Protista/Protoctista & sub-group Monera (Haeckel 1866) prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells (Chatton 1937)

5. reorganized classification into 4 kingdoms (Copeland 1930s?) 5 kingdoms; adding Fungi (Whittaker 1959)

6. 3 domains (Carl Woese 1977) Carol J. Bult

7. further elaborated by Mitchell Sogin (early eukaryotes) & many others

8. -> 6 kingdoms (compromise) still argued: Lake’s 4 domains, Cavalier-Smith & others’ > 6 kingdoms

9. horizontal gene transfers genome fusions clades?

10. Groups of organisms on a phylogenetic tree (excluded)

11. Homologous structures 18-13 terrestrial vertebrate forelimbs 18-14 modified leaves

12. Australian marsupial “mole” N American placental mole Homoplasies = analogous structures 18-16 spiky plant parts

13. Phenetics/evolutionary systematics numerical taxonomy eg: Birds -> different enough to be a separate class from reptiles

14. Cladistic systematics clade cladogram synapomorphy vs. (sym)plesiomorphy outgroup parsimony eg: Birds -> sub-group of Reptile class

15. Morphology

16. Morphology: Developmental data eg: early animal embryo cleavage (30-5)

17. Biochemistry: Lipids 2 species of Pseudomonas

18. Biochemistry: Proteins eg: Isozyme patterns from a fungus

19. Biochemistry: Proteins eg: amino acid sequence comparison

20. myoglobin Biochemistry: Proteins eg: 3D structure comparison

21. Relationships between canids using DNA sequences Biochemistry: DNA Sequence analysis

22. Stoneking, et al. Mitochondrial DNA study of humans

23. 2 representations of the same data

24. Phylogram - shows genetic change Ultrametric tree - shows time Other kinds of trees

25. Methods of generating trees Distance Parsimony Maximum likelihood