1. Earth’s Layers

2. What evidence supports the idea that Earth has layers?
The behavior of seismic waves generated by earthquakes give scientists some of the best evidence about the structure of Earth.
(a) If Earth were uniform (homogeneous) throughout, seismic waves would radiate from the site of an earthquake in straight lines.
(b) If the density, or rigidity, of Earth increased evenly with depth, seismic wave velocity would increase with depth, and the waves would bend smoothly upward toward the surface.
(c) If Earth were layered inside, some seismic waves would be reflected at the boundaries between layers while others were bent. Seismic evidence shows that Earth is layered.
Figure 3.7
Possible paths of seismic waves through Earth. (a) If Earth were uniform (homogeneous) throughout, seismic waves would radiate from the site of an earthquake in straight lines. (b) If the density, or rigidity, of Earth increased evenly with depth, seismic wave velocity would increase evenly with depth, and the waves would bend smoothly upward toward the surface. (c) If Earth were layered inside, some seismic waves would be reflected at the boundaries between layers while others were bent. Seismic evidence shows that Earth is layered.

3. The Four Basic Layers
The Earth is composed of four different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The outer core and inner core are even hotter with pressures so great you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you were able to go to the center of the Earth!

4. The Crust
The Earth's Crust is like the skin of an apple. It is very thin in comparison to the other three layers. The crust is only about 3-5 miles thick under the oceans (oceanic crust) and about 25 miles thick under the continents (continental crust).

5. The Crust
The crust is composed of two rocks. The continental crust is mostly granite. The oceanic crust is basalt. Basalt is much denser than the granite. Because of this the less dense continents ride on the denser oceanic plates.

6. The Lithospheric Plates
The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates "float" on the soft, semi-rigid asthenosphere. Remember this- we will learn about this later…

7. The Lithosphere
The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere.

8. The Mantle
The Mantle is the largest layer of the Earth. The middle mantle is composed of very hot dense rock that flows like asphalt under a heavy weight. The movement of the middle mantle (asthenosphere) is the reason that the crustal plates of the Earth move.

9. The Asthenosphere
The asthenosphere is the semi-solid or semi-rigid part of the middle mantle that flows like hot asphalt under a heavy
weight.

10. Convection Currents
The middle mantle "flows" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again --repeating this cycle over and over.

11. The next time you heat anything like soup or water in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the asthenosphere they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents, like the cork in this illustration.
Convection Currents

12. The Outer Core
The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are all in the liquid state. The outer core is composed of the melted metals of nickel and iron.

13. The Inner Core
The inner core of the Earth has temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move about like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place like a solid.

14. How HOT is it?
Surface of Sun!
5,500°C
Sun Core
15,000,000°C

15. Pangea the super-continent split apart due to the moving of the tectonic plates.

17. What’s it like where the plates meet?
The dark black lines
that show the boundary
between plates mark
areas called faults.
Faults are sometimes
visible in the ground
or may be impossible
to see due to being
covered by hundreds
of feet of soil & rocks.

18. Proof of the Plate Tectonic theory starts with the fossil record of plants and animals around the world.
Also, rock deposits, mountain ranges of similar rock formations and layers, glaciers leaving behind deposits.
Lastly and most obvious is the continents all fitting together like a puzzle, or coninental drift.

20. In places where plates drift apart, volcanoes spring up as magma shoots up through the gaps & openings.
On the Pacific Plate there is a very volatile area full of volcanoes called the Ring of Fire

21. The End