1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10  Continental drift - hypothesis that states continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present location  Alfred Wegener in 1912. Section 1 Continental Drift

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10  1. Fossil Evidence: fossils of the same plants/animals found in areas of continents that had been connected.  2. Evidence from Rock Formations: ages/types of rocks in the coastal regions matched closely.  3. Climatic Evidence: changes in climatic patterns show continents had not always been located where they are now. Section 1 Continental Drift

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10 Section 1 Continental Drift

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10  a long, undersea mountain chain has a valley at its center, forms as magma rises from the asthenosphere › creates new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) as tectonic plates move apart Section 1 Continental Drift

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10 Section 1 Continental Drift

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10  Sea-floor spreading - new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) forms as magma rises to Earth’s surface and solidifies at a mid-ocean ridge  Paleomagnetism - the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock, › magnetic properties that rock acquires during formation Section 1 Continental Drift

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10 As the ocean floor spreads apart, magma rises to fill the rift and then cools to form new rock. Section 1 Continental Drift

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10 Section 1 Continental Drift

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 10 Section 1 Continental Drift

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 10  Theory of Plate Tectonics - large pieces of the lithospehere, called plates, move and change shape  lithosphere the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle  asthenosphere the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu  The lithosphere forms the thin outer shell of Earth and is broken into several blocks or tectonic plates.  Tectonic plates can include continental crust, oceanic crust, or both.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 10  Scientists have identified about 15 major tectonic plates.  Scientists identify plate boundaries primarily by studying data from earthquakes.

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 10 The boundaries of tectonic plates do not always match the outlines of continents.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 10  3 Types of Plate Boundaries  divergent boundaries,  convergent boundaries,  transform boundaries.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 10  insert TT

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19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 10  Convection - the movement of heated material due to differences in density and differences in temperatures.

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 10  The cooler, denser water sinks, and the warmer water rises to the surface called a convection cell.

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter 10 Mantle Convection  Energy generated by Earth’s core and radioactivity within the mantle heat the mantle. › heated material rises  cooler, denser material sinks into the mantle to replace the rising material › dragging the overlying tectonic plates along with it.

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