1. Welcome to Geology! Warm-up for 8/7/15 1) Why do people study geology? 2) What are some topics we might study?

2. Video Clip http://archives.aapg.org/k12resources/Geo scienceExplained.cfm

5. WHAT IS D.E. GEOLOGY? High School & Maricopa Community College Credit Four Classes: Semester 1: a) Physical Geology Lecture (3cr) b) Physical Geology Lab (1cr) Semester 2: c) Historical Geology Lecture (3cr) d) Historical Geology Lab (1cr) Credit transfers to ASU, UofA, and NAU.

6. TOPICS COVERED SEMESTER 1 -Minerals and Rocks -Topographic Maps -Landforms -Groundwater -Internal Processes -Geologic Structures -Geologic Hazards -Economic Geology

7. TOPICS COVERED SEMESTER 2 -Formation of planets. -Fossil identification. -Paleoenvironments. -Stratigraphy. -Plate Tectonics. -Reconstructing Earth history.

8. GRADING

9. PVCC REGISTRATION Registration deadline is August 27. Payment deadline is Sept 16 ($351).

10. Warmup How might Dual Enrollment expectations differ from the expectations in a regular classroom?

11. Classroom Procedures 1) Class begins with a Warmup. Write the date, question, and your response. 2) Quiet symbol:

12. Classroom Procedures 3) Take care of personal needs before coming to class (4 passes for sign-outs). 4) Leave your food and drink outside. 5) Cell phone policy. 6) Pick up graded papers in back of room. 7) Bell to bell learning.

14. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

15. Why is Geology Important?

16. Warmup: Continue listing ways in which GEOLOGY relates to this image.

17. Welcome to Geology! How might a DE class differ from a high school class? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

18. What is Physical Geology? Physical Geology is the study of –1) the materials that make up the Earth, –2) the changes that occur inside the Earth and on Earth’s surface, and –3) the forces behind these changes.

19. WHAT IS PHYSICAL GEOLOGY? Geology is an interdisciplinary science (based on chemistry, physics, and biology). Geology is an applied science, influencing almost every aspect of our life. Geology CHEMISTRY PHYSICS BIOLOGY

20. Reasons to Study Geology 1)To Obtain Natural Resources. For each American, we annually mine 22,000 pounds of mineral resources: -Stone -Sand -Gravel -Limestone -Clay -Salt -Metals such as Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Manganese.

21. And 17,000 pounds of energy resources: - Petroleum - Coal - Natural gas - Uranium Most of these physical and energy resources are non- renewable. They take thousands or millions of years to form and concentrate).

24. Warmup 8 /12 Without looking at your notes, Sketch a Pencil, and list the ways geology relates to your pencil.

25. 2) To Protect the Environment -Geologists study the movement of contaminants in soil and groundwater.

26. 3) To Understand Geologic Hazards -Some parts of the world are more geologically active than others. -We can live in these areas if we understand the threats. Flooding of the Mississippi River in 1993 resulted in 47 fatalities.

27. In Washington State, Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980. There were 57 direct fatalities (and 7 incidental fatalities). The low death rate is a direct result of predictions and warnings by the USGS.

28. 4) To appreciate our surroundings.

29. AZ REPUBLIC HEADLINES 8/12/14

30. The Earth's Four Systems

31. The “spheres” interact. For example, CO 2 in the atmosphere is controlled by the biosphere (plants absorb CO 2 and animals emit it), the geosphere (volcanoes release CO 2 ), and the hydrosphere (the ocean absorbs CO 2 and incorporates it into limestone as the mineral calcite, CaCO 3 ).

32. Warmup 8/14 Sketch the internal structure of the Earth.

33. Earth’s Two Heat Engines External Weather and Weathering Internal Plate tectonics and Volcanism

34. Earth’s Structure

35. The Earth’s Chemical Layers LAYERTHICKNESS (km)CHARACTERISTICS Crust Oceanic crust: 5-10 km; Continental crust: ~33 km Solid and made of light elements. (Si,O,Al,Ca,K,Na) Mantle2900 km Plastic and made of heavier elements. (Si,O,Fe,Mg) Outer Core 2270 km Liquid and made of very heavy elements. (Fe, Ni) Inner Core 1220 km Solid and made of very heavy elements. (Fe,Ni)

36. The Earth’s Mechanical Layers 1) Lithosphere: A cool, solid, rigid layer made of crust (oceanic and continental) and the uppermost part of the mantle. Tectonics “plates” are made of lithosphere. 2) Asthenosphere: A hot, weak, plastic layer in the upper mantle. Tectonic plates "float" on the plastic asthenosphere.

37. Important Note! The continents are not plates. Continents “ride” upon plates, just like luggage rides on a conveyer belt.

38. Warmup 8/15 Tell whether each process is linked to the external or internal heat engine (or neither): Mountain buildingMeteorite impacts TsunamisWinds TornadosSinkholes EarthquakesWeathering Flowing riversTides RainPlate tectonics

39. Continental Drift Continental Drift is a hypothesis proposed by German scientist Alfred Wegener in 1920’s to explain the puzzle- like “fit of continents”, and the matching of rock and fossil types across oceans. The hypothesis was largely rejected because the “driving mechanism” was unknown.

40. Unifying Theme # 3: Plate Tectonics The theory of Plate Tectonics was proposed in the late 1960s, largely in response to a new understanding of seafloor geology. The theory describes lithosphere as being broken into plates that move slowly on top of the plastic aesthenosphere. This motion is driven by convection in the mantle (hot buoyant magma rises and cooler, more dense magma sinks).

41. Warmup What is the difference between “continental drift” and “plate tectonics”? What do continental drift and plate tectonics help us to understand?

42. The Plates and Plate Boundaries There are 12 main lithosphere plates. Much geology happens at the boundaries between these plates!

43. Three Types of Plate Boundaries: 1) Transform Boundaries

44. 2) Divergent Boundaries

45. 3) Convergent Boundaries

46. Geologic Time The best estimate for Earth's age is ~4.6 billion years (same as age of our Solar System, as indicated by meteorites). Historically, there has been much debate over "how fast" geology happens with two different camps of thought: Catastrophism- Uniformitarianism- Today we know that many geologic processes occur gradually over millions of years (such events are often imperceptible over the span of a human lifetime), whereas some geologic events happen within seconds.

47. Geologic Time Define: Catastrophism- Uniformitarianism-

48. Some Benchmark Events in Earth History The first life forms (bacteria) developed ~3.5 billion years ago (bya). Complex life forms first became abundant about 544 million years ago (mya). Reptiles became abundant ~230 mya. Dinosaurs went extinct (along with many other organisms) ~65 mya. Humans have lived for ~0.5 - 3 million years.