1. Sex-specific trends in lung cancer incidence and survival : a population study of 40118 cases 호흡기 내과 R3 조주희 Thorax 2011;66:301-307. Camilla M T Sagerup, Milada Sma°stuen, Tom B Johannesen, A°slaug Helland, Odd Terje Brustugun University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Norway

2. MethodsIntroductionResultsConclusions  Lung cancer Most common cancer in the world 1.5 million cases diagnosed in 2007 Up to 12% of all cancers  Sex-specific differences in lung cancer - Women are more likely to Adenocarcinoma Younger and earlier stage of disease  Large cooperative group databases Independent contribution of female sex to lung cancer outcome Conducted before the introduction of concurrent chemoradiotherapy and third-generation regimens Discussion

3. MethodsIntroductionResultsConclusions  Smaller studies examining sex differences in lung cancer survival - Selection bias (+) including only patients who underwent chemotherapy or surgery patients with advanced disease and older age are excluded - Lack of adjustment for sex-related differences in deaths from other causes  Aim of this study −Sex-specific trends in incidence and survival −In an unselected population of patients with lung cancer −Somplete, national database of 40,118 lung cancer cases −Collected in the 20 year period 1988-2007 Discussion

4. ResultsConclusions Data collection  Cancer Registry of Norway (CRN)  Cause of Death Register  Data from 1988 onwards, since, after that time point, CT was in widespread use - implying that diagnosis and staging should be uniform throughout the country  From the 40,118 cases originally diagnosed with lung cancer Diagnosis and staging  TNM classification system T1-2N0M0 : ‘Localised’ (stage I) M1 : ‘Metastatic’ (stage IV) ‘Regionally advanced’ (stages II and III)  Tumor localization International Classification of Diseases, 7 th revision (ICD-7)  Tumor histology Manual of Tumor Nomenclature and Coding topography and morphology ICD-O DiscussionIntroductionMethods

5. ResultsConclusions Patient follow-up  Mortality updates  Primary outcome : survival following a diagnosis of lung cancer  Follow-up : time from lung cancer diagnosis to death : last date of data submission for patients who were still alive Statistical methods  Temporal trends : percentage change = (100 x (final incidence rate - einitial incidence rate))/initial incidence rate  Incidence data : age adjusted by the direct method to the standard world population  1- and 5-year male and female relative survival (RS) : stratified by age, stage and histological type  RR of death for males versus females and adjustment for covariates : Cox proportional hazards model DiscussionIntroductionMethods

6. Conclusions Patient characteristics DiscussionIntroductionResults Methods

7. Conclusions Incidence and survival by sex DiscussionIntroductionResults Methods 36 28 3:13:2 Average age-adjusted annual increase of 4.9% in women, and 1.4% in men (1988-2007)

8. Conclusions One- and 5-year RS from lung cancer : increased over time in both sexes, with greater improvement seen in 5 year RS DiscussionIntroductionResults Methods In all 5 year diagnostic periods, survival was lower in men than in women

9. Relative risks of death within 5 years of diagnosis for men vs women stratified by histology, stage, age groups and diagnostic periods

10. Conclusions Histology DiscussionIntroductionResults Methods 38% 22%

11. Conclusions Stage & age  Men were older than women at the time of diagnosis  Median age  Improvement in 5-year RS − in localised disease (+) − in regional disease (-) − in metastatic disease (-) DiscussionIntroductionResults Methods womenmen 1988-199268 years69 years 2003-200769 years71 years

12. Conclusions  We confirmed a trend of 1.rising lung cancer incidence among females 2.adenocarcinomas comprise the largest entity in both sexes 3.higher proportion of women are diagnosed at an earlier stage and age than men 4.short- and long-term survival has increased in both sexes 5.male sex is an unfavourable prognostic factor for lung cancer survival irrespective of age, stage, diagnostic period,histology  The largest study to date to examine sex-related differences in lung cancer incidence and survival  Unselected population of patients with lung cancer is represented IntroductionDiscussion Methods Results

13. Conclusions Incidence and survival trends  Observed variations in incidence rates by sex have been correlated with smoking history  In the CRN individual smoking history is not collected and a direct correlation with lung cancer incidence cannot be made.  One- and 5-year survival increased in both sexes : introduction of third generation chemotherapy IntroductionDiscussion Methods Results

14. Conclusions Histology  Increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma in both men and women  In women, SCLC and squamous cell carcinoma incidence rates also increased : Intensity and duration of smoking  Women have a survival advantage within all histological subsets except squamous cell carcinoma. −due to a difference in smoking status between men and women : never-smokers with lung cancer respond better to treatment and live longer −epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation : more prevalent in women among smockers IntroductionDiscussion Methods Results

15. Conclusions Stage  Retrospective studies reported recent changes in stage distribution for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) −increasing proportion of stage IV NSCLC after the year 2000 : increaseduse of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) and MRI of the brain : condensed staging system, allowing an accurate assessment of staging  Statistically significant survival advantage in favor of women independent of stage in multivariate analyses  Effect of sex on survival data obtained over a long time period  confounded by changes in treatment algorithms  A study that included treatment as a potential confounder in a multivariate model reported no difference in sex effect on survival  Further studies need to be undertaken to delineate biological differences in lung cancer between sexes IntroductionDiscussion Methods Results

16. Introduction Methods ResultsConclusions The findings highlight important characteristics of the lung cancer epidemic ; despite a rising incidence of female lung cancer cases women are diagnosed with less advanced disease than men ; men have an increased risk of excess death at 5 years compared with women, irrespective of stage, age, period of diagnosis and selected histological subgroups.