1. Glenn Suter National Center for Environmental Assessment U.S. Environmental Protection Agency November 2013 Integrated Assessment: an EPA Perspective

2. Causal Assessment Team Planning while Keeping our eyes on the prize One Decision One World

3. What do I mean by Integration? Multiple agents (conventional cum risk) Multiple media and routes of exposure Multiple endpoints  HH and Eco  Cancer and all the others  Levels of organization Multiple types of assessments HH, Eco and Socioeconomics: Sustainability

4. Environmental Management Problem DetectionProblem Solving Condition Assessment Outcome Assessment Predictive Assessments Resolution Environmental Epidemiology Causal Assessments Integrating Types of Assessment http://www.springerlink.com/content/n56531j12q33776t/fulltext.pdf

5. Integration is Imperative Otherwise, risk estimates are incomplete If scientists do not present a coherent and consistent assessment  Decision makers may dismiss unfamiliar science  Stakeholders may be confused and may not accept the results  Good solutions may not be apparent  Bad decisions may be made

6. Two Aspects of HH/Eco Integration Integration of Practice  Common assessment procedures  Common assumptions  Common science Integration of System  Treat all receptors as part of the same receiving environment

7. A Tale of Failure to Integrate

8. Benefits of Integration Efficiency – less duplication of effort Scientific Quality – the best science from ecologists and health scientists is used Completeness – unconventional & indirect exposures and effects are revealed Sentinels – nonhuman organisms are more exposed, can be sampled, are often more sensitive, and more abundant DDT, Dioxins, TBT, Estrogenic compounds

9. Efficiency from shared information Common sources Common physical/chemical properties Common transport and fate processes Common exposure processes Common modes and mechanisms of action

10. It seems obvious but… Different approaches used to extrapolate from rats to humans and to mink Different models used to estimate aqueous concentrations Separate searches for mammalian toxicity data Different plant concentrations in dietary models

11. A Tale of Two Plant Concentrations versus C p = aC s

12. HHRA & ERA should be Consistent Same or consistent scenarios Same or consistent assumptions Same or consistent spatial and temporal scales Comparable effects endpoints  Reproductive decrement in river otters and subsistence fishermen Same expression of probability and uncertainty

13. Integrated Assessment Requires an Integrated Framework 1983 HHRA framework in NRC red book  Only hazard ID 1992 EPA ERA framework  Adds Planning/Scoping and Problem Formulation 2001 WHO IRA framework  Adopts EPA ERA framework with additions 2003 EPA CRA framework Adopts EPA ERA framework with additions 2013 Draft EPA HHRA framework Adopts EPA ERA framework with additions

14. WHO Integrated Risk Assessment Framework Problem Formulation With Hazard Identification Analysis Risk Characterization INTEGRATED RISK ASSESSMENT Characterization of Effects Characterization of Exposure Assessment Dose- Response Assessment RISK MANAGEMENT STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION

15. EPA, RAF Draft HHRA Framework Convergence !

16. Fish Tissue Hg Concentrations - 160 Urban Sites 160 ug/kg Wildlife Screening Value for Eagles 30 ug/kg Wildlife Screening Value for Kingfishers J. Wathen--SETAC 2012

17. Prospects Toxicology is becoming more mechanistic  Should encourage integration  Commonality at molecular level Environmental science is becoming more holistic  Place-based  Larger scales Both trends can promote HHRA/ERA integration and integration of types of assessment

18. 18 Community-Focused Exposure and Risk Screening Tool C-FERST (under development) What is it? Web-based “toolkit” that supports community assessments, providing easier access to data and information for 40+ environmental issues

19. Possible Future Direction Sea Level Rise and Contaminated Sites 19 EPA SLAMM (Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model) Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point Tribe, Maine EPA/ORD C. Erickson and D. Heggem Brownfields, Superfund & NPL, Oil Response Plans & RCRA Active sites in C-FERST maps Northeast New Jersey

20. Bristol Bay Yupik Salmon Fishermen Salmon & the Pebble Mine Bristol Bay Alaska as an Integrated System

21. Sustainability New ORD theme  endorsed by previous administrator The three-legged stool  Environment-Society-Industry Emphasizes linkages

22. land water air well being minerals water biomass airborne emissions treated water solid & hazardous wastes Sustainability Dynamics recovery & recycling products services Environment SocietyIndustry Value chains Energy Materials Food Design Infrastructure talent ecosystem services ecosystem services Communities Consumers Innovators Governments Pollution protection & restoration Forests Soils Mineral Deposits Ecosystems Living Species Watersheds Groundwater trash Airsheds Global Climate runoff ResourcesAmenities

23. WELL-BEING INDICATORS ECO – HEALTH MODELING IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOP September 18 & 19, 2013 Lisa M. Smith NHEERL/GED

24. The conceptual relationship among ecosystem, social and economic services and well-being have been integrated into a Relational Browser which links to ecosystem attributes, intervention points and human health outcomes (http://www.epa.gov/ged/tbes/RelationalBrowser.html)http://www.epa.gov/ged/tbes/RelationalBrowser.html

25. Development and Application of a Community Sustainability Visualization Tool

26. EPA/RAF Ecosystem Services Project White paper on ecosystem services in ERA (draft in review) Generic Endpoints for Ecological Risk Assessment 2 nd Edition (draft in review)  Adds generic Ecosystem Service endpoints Supplements conventional endpoints

27. Prospects U.S. EPA is moving toward integration  RAF’s Cumulative Risk Assessment Framework, case studies and Guidelines  Ecosystem Services Research Program & Endpoints  ORD sustainability research  Implementation in programs and regions But the EU is also advancing  REACH mandates integrated assessment  NoMiracle: research for integrated assessment Even medical/veterinary communities involved  One Health Initiative

28. Integration is not Diverting the ecologists to work on human health  Ecology of disease vectors Or even diverting them to assess human welfare  Emotional benefits of walks in the woods  Subsistence cultures Rather, jointly integrate so that both humans and the environment are protected

29. But Don’t integrate for its own sake Or in a way that diminishes effectiveness  No integrated risk index! Integrate to better inform the decision Provide a coherent understanding of the consequences of alternative actions  Based on the best available science Whichever stovepipe it comes from

30. Integrated World View Suter, G.W. II. 2004. Bottom-up and top-down integration of human and ecological risk assessment. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A. 67:779-790.