1. Dots, Dashes, and other Fun Marks

3. Northeastern Semitic Old Akkadian Babylonian Assyrian Northwest Semitic Mari tablets Ugarit tablets Amarna letters South Semitic Arabic Ethiopian CanaaniteAramaic

5. Hebrew Developments Vowel markers added by Massortes Qumran scrolls show evidence of other sorts of vowel markers Massoretic text does not show evidence of attempts to iron out textual difficulties

6. Fr Gd s lvd th wrld tht h gv hs ‘nly bgttn sn tht whvr blvs ‘n hm shld nt prsh bt hv ‘trnl lf

7. ; ; A W <. _'_' ' e Pathah Kamets Seghol Tsere Hirek Kibbuts Shurek Holem u A E I O U “A” as in Hat “E” as in Met “E” as in They “I” as in Machine “O” as in Roll “U” as in Put “U” as in True “A” as in Father

8. ; ; A W <.. _'_' ' e Pathah Kamets Seghol Tsere Hirek Kibbuts Shurek Holem u

9. Pathah tyIB; - “House” Hirek

10. %v,xo; - “Darkness” Seghol B Aramaic word for “cluster” (of grapes)

11. ba' Father

12. ~d'a' Man

13. ha' Brother

14. vyai Man

15. tyIB; House

16. !Be Son

17. rh; Mountain

18. bAj Good

19. ~Ay Day

20. lAq Voice

21. ~ve Name

23. yr;f' Sarai

24. ~Wxn" Nahum

25. !roh]a; Aaron

26. qx'c.yI Issac

27. hmol{v. Solomon

28. tyMil;Wv Shulamite

29. ha'le Leah

30. !yIq; Cain

31. hy"[.v;y> Isaiah

32. rm'T' Tamar

33. ![;n"K. Canaan

34. ~yIr'c.mi Egypt

35. rWa Ur

36. lb,B' Babylon

37. ba'Am Moab

38. !ADgIm. Megiddo

39. ~l;iv'Wry> Jerusalem

40. ~r'a] Aram

41. !Der>y: Jordan

42. ~yhil{a/ ar'B' tyviareB. taew> ~yIm;V'h; tae `#r,a' h; In Beginning He created God the Heavens and the Earth

43. hf,[]n: ~yhil{a/ rm,aYOw: Wnmel.c;B. ~d'a' WnteW md>K'' And He saidGodWe will make manIn our image Like our likeness

44. ^n>yBe tyvia' hb'yaew> !ybeW hV'aih' !ybeW H['r>z: !ybeW ^[]r>z: And enmityI will putBetween you And between The woman And between Your seed And between Her seed

45. ^p. Wvy > hT'a;w> varo `bqe[' WNp,WvT. aWh He he will bruise your headand you you will bruise his heel bq o[] y:

46. Whbow" Whto ht'y>h' #r Whbow" Whto ht'y>h' #r ynEP.-l[; tp,x,r:m. ~yhil{a/ x:Wrw> ~Aht. ynEP.-l[; %v,xow> ~yIM'h;

47. rAa yhiy> ~yhil{a/ rm,aYOw: rAa-yhiy>w:

48. rAah'-ta, ~yhil{a/ ar>Y:w: ~yhil{a/ lDEb.Y:w: bAj-yKi %v,xoh; !ybeW rAah' !yBe