1. McClung

2. How does Geography define a Culture? Describe the two types of topography? What is terracing? How does Climate influence the way people live? Give an example of specialization from the video? Do all regions have the same amount of resources? What are human subsistence needs?

3.  Paleolithic Societies: Small bands of 20-50 people. Relationships were based on Kinship (considered to extend out to people an individual has economic or political relationships with, or other forms of social connections). Same skills sets: Men and Women were treated equally.  During the Paleolithic Period (2.6 Million Years Ago), humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals. Paleolithic is characterized by the use of stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including leather and vegetable fibers.

8. The Neolithic Revolution: Is characterized by- agriculture: advanced technology resulted in surplus which could support an increasing population town building: large settlements indicate a sedentary society flood control & irrigation systems (surplus production) script to administer surplus and taxes (and to educate the upper levels of society) production of metal tools and weapons 10,000-4000 BCE: bronze (copper + tin+ lead) tools and weapons were produced

9.  City-States: Defined as a central city and its surrounding villages, which together follow the same law, have one form of government, and share languages, religious beliefs, and ways of life. Historically this included famed cities like Rome, Athens and Carthage, but today only three sovereign city-states exist: Monaco, Singapore and Vatican City, while two others (Hong Kong and Macau).

10. Fiefdom: A property or right that an overlord gave a vassal (Knight) in exchange for military service. This property, of whatever size, could be inherited by the man's heirs.

11.  Centralization: control of a country or area comes from one individual. A centralized government tends to be more stable. Law and order come from one place, decisions rest on one person or one group of people.  Decentralized= less stable/Conflict.

12. Read about Feudalism and Answer the Questions: 1: List three ways that feudalism differs from nationalism: ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ _______________________________________

13. 2: When and why did nationalism become a powerful force in world history? ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 3&4: Does nationalism still influence people today? Can it hurt or help people? Explain your answer. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

14. 1: What is the difference between a centralized government and a decentralized government? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2: How did absolute monarchs change life in Europe? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ __________________________________________

15.  1: What happened in England that led to its rise as a nation-state?  2: Why did the Roman Catholic Church lose power with the rise of nation-states?  3: How did people’s attitudes and values change with the rise of nation-states?

16. The quotation above supports the idea of- totalitarian rule absolute monarchy mercantilism nationalism Which quotation best reflects a feeling of nationalism? “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” “A person’s greatest social obligation is loyalty to the family” “For God, King, and Country” “Opposition to evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good” Nationalism is most likely to develop in an area that has? land suited to agriculture adequate industry to supply consumer demands a moderate climate with rivers for irrigation common customs, language, and history

17. Nationalism is best defined as- the achievement of world peace and global understanding the desire to take over other societies by force a method of solving basic economic problems of the society the loyalty of a people to their values, traditions, and a geographic region

18. Hey! What do you know about this thing called “the state” …?

19. The state? You mean like Alabama, Texas, Ohio, etc.?

20. No, no. I mean something bigger than that…

21. Well, let’s see what this lesson is all about. Maybe it’ll help you out…

22. OH! Cool…

23. with the power to make and enforce laws without having to check with any higher authority, a body of people, living in a defined space, and with an organization to do this.

24. You can tell from the definition that there are four key features of a state… What are they?

25. TerritorySovereignty Government a body of people, living in a defined space, with the power to make and enforce laws without having to check with any higher authority, and with an organization to do this. to do this.

26. That’s us! Definition: People who are the members or citizens of a state  The size of the population doesn’t matter  Population has a big influence on the type of government chosen by the state: Is the population rural or urban? What do people do for jobs? Do people get along or disagree on basic issues?

27.  A state must have set boundaries, but they are not always agreed on.  Boundaries can change in three ways: war – people win or lose territory negotiation – people agree to trade territory purchase – states can buy territory from other states Definition: the area in which a state’s rule applies

28. WAIT! Where did the word “SOVEREIGNTY” come from? Sovereignty

29. Don’t worry guys! “Sovereignty” is just a big word that means a state has the ability to rule within its border as it chooses… Remember the definition of “state”? It says, “…with the power to make and enforce laws without having to check with any higher authority…”?

30. That’s SOVEREIGNTY ! Oh! Ok, cool…

31. Because of sovereignty…  states can set their own foreign policy and agendas.  states are all equal in theory, but in reality that isn’t always the case. Definition: the ability to rule absolutely within a given territory

32. That’s us! Definition: the organization that makes and enforces the laws  Government has many roles that all involve making public policy, but there are four main ways their governing affects the public… Public policy is the laws and rules that affect the public!

33. Government That’s us!  Government has many roles that all involve making public policy, but there are four main ways their governing affects the public… Keeping Order Protecting the Country Providing Services Making Economic Decisions Definition: the organization that makes and enforces the laws

34. Roles of Government  Making and enforcing laws is all a part of keeping order in society  Structures like the police force and court system are in place to enforce the laws and settle disputes

35. Roles of Government  The government is responsible for defending the territory of the state  Security organizations like the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense are established to protect citizens

36. Roles of Government The government is responsible for providing basic services… Postal Service Libraries Garbage Collection Road Repair Bridge Building Schools

37. Roles of Government  The government is responsible for providing basic services…  Programs for people who need help:  Programs to keep people safe: welfare medical services help buying food food buildings medicine

38. Roles of Government  The government makes decisions every day about how it spends money  The government also makes decisions about how our economy is going to function  Most public policy set by the government has to do with how money is spent!!

39. So by that definition of state… …the United States is just one big state!

40. Figure It Out! Is the United States just one big state?  Does it have a population? YESNO  Does it have a territory?  Does it have sovereignty?  Does it have government? YES YES YES NO NO NO

41. Figure It Out! What about “states” like Connecticut or Georgia? Are they states?  Do they have a population? YESNO  Do they have a territory?  Do they have sovereignty?  Do they have government? YES YES YES NO NO NO

42. They can’t make laws that go against the U.S. Constitution… They have a higher authority above them!

43. Figure It Out! Oops! I forgot. What four things does the government do?  Keeps _________ ORDER  Protects the __________  Provides ___________  Makes___________ decisions COUNTRY SERVICES ECONOMIC

44. Let’s take a mini- quiz, kiddos, and see what you learned!

45. THUMBS UP or THUMBS DOWN If there are less than 30,000 people it can’t be considered a state.

46. Monaco has only 27,000 people! Size doesn’t matter! THUMBS UP or THUMBS DOWN

47. The boundaries of a territory can change.

48. Can you name the three ways that boundaries change? THUMBS UP or THUMBS DOWN

50. Sovereignty means that you have to check with someone above you.

51. Just the opposite! Sovereignty means there is NO ONE above you! THUMBS UP or THUMBS DOWN

52. Government only exists to keep order and provide security.

53. What are the four roles that governments have? THUMBS UP or THUMBS DOWN

54. The 50 states that make up the USA are not considered independent states internationally.

55. That’s right! They don’t have full sovereignty! THUMBS UP or THUMBS DOWN

56. Great job, kiddos! Thanks for all your help!

57. Forms of Government

58. When people decide to form the social contracts that we call governments, they make many different decisions about how their government will look. President or King? Rule by few or rule by all? Hold elections? Where do the rulers get their power?

59. Any form of government in which political power is exercised by all citizens, either directly or through their elected representatives. There are two kinds of Democracies … Direct! Representative !

60.  All citizens participate in government.  All citizens can create public policy if they want to. All citizens can create public policy if they want to.  Example: In ancient Athens, Greece, they held assemblies where citizens voted to pass laws.  There are no representatives in government: The citizens vote on everything!

61.  Like direct democracy, all citizens participate in government  People elect representatives who vote on laws for the citizens  Representatives answer to the people through regular elections  Representatives are also usually held accountable by a constitution

62. Fill in the blanks to review DEMOCRACY !

63. The two forms of democracy are __________ and ___________________. direct representative

64. In a democracy, all __________ participate in government. citizens

65. All citizens vote on everything in a ______________________. direct democracy

66. In a direct democracy, there are no ________________ in the government. the government. representatives

67. In a representative democracy, the representatives answer to the people through ______________________. regular elections

68. Now that we’ve talked about DIRECT DEMOCRACY! And REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY! we can move on to forms of government where only one person is in control…

69. A form of government in which political power is controlled by one individual such as a monarch, dictator, emperor, etc. We’re going to talk about two kinds of autocracy … Monarchs! Dictators!

70.  Rule by kings, queens, princes, and princesses… sometimes by other names, but always MONARCHS!  Leaders usually gain their power because their parents were rulers too.  Some modern monarchies like Spain and Japan have constitutions.

71.  In a dictatorship, power is not inherited, but is acquired by force (military or political)  Dictators have absolute control over the lives of their citizens and usually people are not allowed to voice their negative opinions  North Korea’s leader is considered a dictator

72. We’ve talked about DEMOCRACIES… Democracy is… rule by the people!

73. … and AUTOCRACIES… Autocracy is… … rule by one!

74. … but what other forms of government are there? What if, instead of everyone or just one person, a few people got together to rule a nation? Rule by Few!

75. “Rule by few”  “Rule by few”  Power can be based on several things: Military strength = Military Junta Military strength = Military Junta Family power = Aristocracy Family power = Aristocracy Religious control = Theocratic Oligarchy Religious control = Theocratic Oligarchy  Oligarchies can often come from or lead to other forms of government (like autocracies)

76.  “Theo” means “god” in Greek… so if a government is THEO-cratic that means it is ruled by… That’s right! A god or higher power!  Leaders ( autocratic or oligarchic ) are usually religious leaders and society uses religious law to settle its disputes  Example: The Islamic Republic of Iran is a modern theocracy that uses the holy Islamic book, The Qur’an, as its guide.

77.  No government at all… WAIT ! Then who makes and enforces laws?

78.  No government at all…  In an anarchy there is no government to make or enforce laws. What do you think that would be like?

79. Wow! There are so many forms of government! And remember there are also combinations… What is government ruled by GOD and a FEW people called?

80. WHEW! We had better review… Time for some “1 or 2!”

81. 12 Rule by everyone Rule by no one

82. 12 Citizens elect people to vote All citizens vote on everything

83. 1 2 Representatives are appointed Representatives are elected

84. 12 Rule by one Rule by few

85. 12 Never have constitutions Power is inherited

86. AB Always protect freedom of speech Have total control

87. AB Power is always inherited Come in many forms

88. AB Power from a higher being Power taken through force

89. 12 Everyone follows the laws Everyone does what they want

91. Now, review your chart along with your teacher!