5. An increase in trade and a demand for goods from Persia and China help the Italian city- states to prosper during (and after) the Crusades

7. Ignorance surrounded the causes of the disease and Europeans grow frantic Blames Alignment of Planets Alignment of Planets “Bad air” “Bad air” God’s Wrath aimed at Sin God’s Wrath aimed at Sin Jews JewsCures/Remedies Mixture of Molasses & Chopped Snake Mixture of Molasses & Chopped Snake Repentance / Prayer Repentance / Prayer Flagellants FlagellantsResults 1/3 of the European population dies 1/3 of the European population dies Power of the Catholic Church weakens Power of the Catholic Church weakens “Living for Today” increases “Living for Today” increases

8. So, what’s a “renaissance”?

10. In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism was… A.a belief in the supremacy of the state in relation to individual rights B.a rejection of ancient civilizations and their cultures C.an emphasis on social control and obedience to national rulers D.an appreciation for the basic worth of individual achievement

11. “A controversy has arisen about this: Whether it is better to be loved than feared, or vice versa. My view is that it is desirable to be both loved and feared; but it is difficult to achieve them both and, if one of them has to be lacking, it is much safer to be feared than loved… For love is sustained by a bond of gratitude which, because men are excessively self-interested, is broken whenever they see a chance to benefit themselves. But fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that is always effective.”

13. “O you who have your houses full of vanities and pictures and indecent things and evil books,… and other poetry contrary to the faith, bring them to me to make a bonfire or a sacrifice to God. And you, mothers, who adorn your daughters with so much vanity and extravagance and fancy hair ornaments, bring all these things here to us to throw into the fire, so that, when the wrath of God comes, He will not find them in your houses.”

15. After defying the ruling Medici family of Florence, and the Pope, Savonarola is excommunicated, arrested, tortured, and burned alive.

16. Structure of Renaissance Society P ATRIARCHAL SOCIETY - Father/husband had absolute authority

17. MilanVeniceFlorence Controlled Alpine passes Controlled Alpine passes Visconti family ruled until Francesco Sforza conquered Milan in 1447 Visconti family ruled until Francesco Sforza conquered Milan in 1447 Hired mercenaries Hired mercenaries Centralized power Centralized power Efficient tax system Efficient tax system Profited the most from the Crusades Profited the most from the Crusades Controlled territory throughout the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Controlled territory throughout the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Led by Doge and wealthy merchant class Led by Doge and wealthy merchant class Artistic center of the Renaissance Artistic center of the Renaissance Ruled by the Medici family (Cosimo and Lorenzo) Ruled by the Medici family (Cosimo and Lorenzo) Regularly practiced usury (moneylending) Regularly practiced usury (moneylending)

18. Focused on classical topics / stories Focused on classical topics / stories Figures drawn from nature and based on observation of the real world Figures drawn from nature and based on observation of the real world Light, shadow, and perspective are used Light, shadow, and perspective are used Nude figure common Nude figure common Anatomically correct Anatomically correct Natural motion and body language Natural motion and body language

19. Illustrates “contrapposto” style, which demonstrates the figure standing with its body turned and weight unevenly distributed. This makes figures seem more “natural”

22. -ation – n., becomes the resulting state Reform – v., to change into an improved condition

25. 1455: Gutenberg develops a printing press with moveable type. 1465: Italy’s first printing press is produced 1474: William Caxton prints the first book in English. 1543: The Catholic Church decrees that no book may be printed without its permission.

26. H ENRY VIII Begins the break- away religion of the Anglican Church after the pope refused to annul his marriage Begins the break- away religion of the Anglican Church after the pope refused to annul his marriage 1534 - A CT OF S UPREMACY - King of England is head of English church 1534 - A CT OF S UPREMACY - King of England is head of English church

27. L UTHER ’ S M OTIVES 1.Strongly believed in the idea that salvation was earned through faith in God alone 2.Argued that indulgences were a sin and did not grant salvation 3.Posts the “95 Theses” criticizing corruption in the Catholic Church 4.Seeks to reform the Catholic Church but is excommunicated L UTHER ’ S M OTIVES 1.Strongly believed in the idea that salvation was earned through faith in God alone 2.Argued that indulgences were a sin and did not grant salvation 3.Posts the “95 Theses” criticizing corruption in the Catholic Church 4.Seeks to reform the Catholic Church but is excommunicated H ENRY ’ S M OTIVES 1.Wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn 2.When the pope refuses, he declares that he is the highest legal authority in England. 3.Henry uses the “Act of Supremacy” to declare himself the head of the Church of England. 4.This led to the nationalization of the English church and a break with the Catholic Church H ENRY ’ S M OTIVES 1.Wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn 2.When the pope refuses, he declares that he is the highest legal authority in England. 3.Henry uses the “Act of Supremacy” to declare himself the head of the Church of England. 4.This led to the nationalization of the English church and a break with the Catholic Church

28. Heretics are people who opposed accepted Church teachings The Popes launched attacks against any people who threatened the Church’s power.

29. Muslims (sometimes called Moors) had taken control of much of Spain Muslims (sometimes called Moors) had taken control of much of Spain After 200 years of attacks, Spain is reconquered and Christianized After 200 years of attacks, Spain is reconquered and Christianized

30. Jews were blamed for the death of Christ Jews were blamed for the death of Christ Some were forced to convert to Christianity or thrown out of their homeland entirely Some were forced to convert to Christianity or thrown out of their homeland entirely This is also where the “dunce cap” came from BUT… After they get rid of the Non-Christians, the Church focuses on enemies within its ranks … PROTESTANTS!

31. A group of priests given power to find and punish heretics A group of priests given power to find and punish heretics People accused of heresy are tortured and killed in huge public ceremonies People accused of heresy are tortured and killed in huge public ceremonies Even a holy man will abuse total power if he’s given it.

32. Torture was sometimes used by the Inquisition. Aimed at getting a confession from the accused Aimed at getting a confession from the accused Purified the accused through pain Purified the accused through pain

33. Accused heretics, witches, or pagans were burned alive, sawed in half, or bathed in molten metal in order to get a confession out of them