1. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT Cities and Regions Professor Martin Clarke

2. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Course Objectives Why Cities and Regions are of interest to geographers? Why Cities fundamentally influence our everyday lives? Why location influences our life chances? Why it is important that we can make cities work better? Can we develop tools that can help planners create better cities? What is the future for cities?

3. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Course Outline Week 1 Geography of Everyday Life (MC) Week 2 Urbanisation Week 3 Cities as Complex systems Week 4 UK regions in the Global Economy (PB) Week 5 Simulating Cities (MC) Week 6 UK Regional futures (PB) Week 7 Reading Week Week 8 Retailing and Urban services Weeks, 9,10 and 11 Practical Work (MB and RJ)

4. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Recommended Texts The main reference is R Unsworth and J Stillwell (2004,eds) Twenty-First century Leeds: Geographies of a Regional City, University of Leeds Press Copies available to purchase from the School of Geography See also A G Wilson (2000) Complex Spatial Systems, Prentice Hall, Harlow

5. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Course Presenters Prof Martin Clarke Dr Peter Boden Dr Mark Birkin Renee Jordan

6. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Martin Clarke: a brief introduction University of Leeds, BA in Geography 1976 PhD 1983 Main Research interests: application of computer simulation models in urban and regional planning Established GMAP Ltd as a university spin out company and was CEO from 1990 to 2003 Now directing the ‘Future Cities’ project in Faculty of Environment In 2004 set up emaginating Ltd In 2005 set up twenty plc

7. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Why Cities are Important Majority of the world’s population live in them They are the major focus of capital accumulation and investment They are the source of some of societies biggest issues: –transportation/congestion –economic development –Housing –Pollution –Crime –social exclusion –health care Some cities prosper and flourish, others decay and decline

8. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Cities as Living Systems Later in the course we will explore the concept of cities as complex systems But simply stated cities are the aggregation of the activities of all the residents and visitors and the choices they make Planners and politicians attempt to intervene to prevent the worst excesses of laissez faire behaviour: social services, public transport, bus lanes, planning regulations and so on We will explore how we can attempt to build simulation models that allow the impacts of scenarios and strategies to be assessed

9. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Cities in 50 Years Even UK cities have substantially transformed over the last 50 years Some cities (e.g. Shanghai) have changed dramatically over the last 10 years This suggests that over the next 50 years the rate of change will potentially will be even more dramatic How can planners, politicians, academics help make sure cities evolve in a way that is desirable, sustainable and so on?

10. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Context There will be an 18% increase in UK households by 2020 (ONS) The urban land mass of the USA will increase by 70% by 2030 The world’s urban population will increase by 4bn by 2050 (UN)

11. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region The Geography of Everyday Life Most of us probably take cities for granted but they influence virtually every aspect of our lives. Depending on where we live in a city our whole well being is influenced, whether this is access to education, housing, health care, employment, transport, employment, leisure and so on. The next slides try to illustrate this argument with reference to Leeds, but the argument applies to all cities

12. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Location, Location, Location Later in this course we will develop the idea of cities as complex systems, but to introduce the idea by example we will now take a brief overview of the various systems that constitute a city and exemplified by Leeds material. In turn we will look at: - Retailing- Education - Employment/Economic activity- Health care - Financial services- Leisure - Social services- Transportation - Environment- Housing Anything missing?

13. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Leeds in its national and regional context OS Strategi

14. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Leeds Metropolitan District

15. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Core city populations, 2001 and percentage population change, 1991–2001 ODPM (2004) Percentage

16. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Retailing The retail system in Leeds has changed dramatically in the last 30 years. Development of suburban centres and retail parks City centre as much a leisure destination as a retail destination

17. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Suburban shopping centres

18. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Catering and entertainment in LS1 and LS2 Type of outletNumber in 1991Number in 2003 Restaurants5080 Bars and public houses55110 Cafes61110 Hotels1117 Nightclubs or casinos1321 Shaw (2003)

19. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Demise of the independent retailer

20. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region But Not Everyone Benefits Classification of urban food deserts Type of areaExamples in LeedsKey groups affected City centre fringe ‘The Calls’ and new riverside developments Young, single executives Inner city areas White Ethnic Student East park (York Road) Beeston, Chapeltown Hyde park Elderly; mothers with children Poorer ethnic minority residents Poor students and some pensioners Peripheral council estates Gipton, SeacroftPoor residents (high unemployment, low car ownership) Wealthy suburbsRoundhay, CookridgeWealthier residents (high car ownerships) Shaw (2003)

21. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Education Education provision is one of the most sensitive issues in a city

22. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region The provision of primary schools, secondary schools and colleges

23. School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT City & Region Percentage of residents aged 16–74 (a) without qualifications and (b) with qualifications at Levels 4 or 5, by community area, 2001 ab Census 2001 KS