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Rich Koenig WA State University Phosphorus source effects on dryland winter wheat in eastern Washington Final report.

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Presentation on theme: "Rich Koenig WA State University Phosphorus source effects on dryland winter wheat in eastern Washington Final report."— Presentation transcript:

1 Rich Koenig WA State University Phosphorus source effects on dryland winter wheat in eastern Washington Final report

2 Contrasts

3 Acknowledgments Fluid Fertilizer Foundation for funding Western Laboratories for tissue analysis International Plant Nutrition Institute  funding of a longer term, basic research effort to understand basic phosphorus chemistry and management in recently acidified soils of eastern Washington State

4 Renewed opportunities for nutrient management Roger Beachy, Director NIFA and other authors "The heart of new agricultural paradigms for a hotter and more populous world must be systems that close the loop of nutrient flows from microorganisms and plants to animals and back"  From: Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century (Science Magazine, Feb 12, 2010) http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/327/5967/833

5 Wheat production in WA 2.2 +/- million acres (6 th in U.S.) Mediterranean climate (70% of precipitation occurs November through April) Yields highly dependent on annual precipitation and stored soil moisture  130 bu/acre dryland or rainfed Fluids are alive and well in this area  N, P, S, Cl, other micros

6 Winter wheat- spring wheat- pea/lentil 80-130+ bu/ac Winter wheat- spring wheat- summer fallow 50-70 bu/ac Winter wheat-summer fallow 30-50 bu/ac Irrigated >100 bu/ac

7 Low rainfall zone, crop- tillage fallow rotations Fertilizer applied in April-June of the fallow year Seeding occurs in late August

8 Late October, 2009

9 Low rainfall, summer fallow areas Few use phosphorus in traditional tillage fallow Many claim no benefit or return on investment This may be an issue of timing and method of application More phosphorus use in chemical fallow Application rates are below removal

10 0 lb P 2 O 5 /ac40 lb P 2 O 5 /ac Phosphorus response in late-seeded chemical fallow

11 Objective Evaluate winter wheat responses to P in wheat- fallow zones  Compare sources (dry MAP vs. fluid APP)  Rate response with fluid Document and explain observations of growers  Long term: improve recommendations Soil test-based Precision management

12 Brief methods Two low rainfall zone locations x 3 years P source-rate treatments  0, 10, 20 and 40 lb P 2 O 5 /ac fluid APP  20 lb P 2 O 5 /ac as dry MAP Deep band application at or shortly before planting Biomass yield Tissue P Grain yield and test weight at maturity

13 Soil Test Phosphorus (0 to 12-inch depth) LocationYear Acetate P, ppm Bicarbonate P, ppm Lind2005-067.312.1 2006-073.911.0 2007-083.314.3 Ralston2005-065.817.8 2006-075.522.5 2007-085.427.0

14 Lind site in 2006

15 Ralston site in 2006

16 Ralston site in 2007

17 Why a negative response to higher rates of P? Crop-fallow rotations are severely moisture limited Excessive vegetative growth can be detrimental  Leads to “haying off”  Early depletion of stored soil moisture leading to stress during grain filling Low test weight Low yield

18 Lind site in 2008

19 Why difference between APP and MAP? Issues of availability of MAP P

20 Tissue Analysis (boot/head emergence)

21 Soil Test Phosphorus (0 to 12-inch depth) LocationYear Acetate P, ppm Bicarbonate P, ppm Lind2005-067.312.1 2006-073.911.0 2007-083.314.3 Ralston2005-065.817.8 2006-075.522.5 2007-085.427.0

22 Recently acidified soils Soil pH 6.0-7.6 in original 1970s surveys; 4-6 now Transition-phase chemistry?  Thermodynamics predict dissolution of calcium phosphates and formation of iron/aluminum phosphates  Kinetics?  Sorption reactions?

23 Soil pH and nutrient availability Aluminum/Iron phosphatesCalcium phosphates Would this explain the negative P balance (removal > application) and maintenance/increase in soil test P?

24 Phosphorus Transect – 80 acre field

25 Forms of soil phosphorus Average of 10 samples; average pH = 5.4

26 Field data on a mineral stability diagram Water and dilute CaCl 2 extracts Equilibrium P activities Data don’t fall along any line P sorption to oxide surfaces? Kinetics?

27 200 km Phosphorus Transect

28 Preliminary data Soil pH range 4.3 to 7.1 Total P <0.05% to 0.15% Differences in P fractions across transect, particularly at extreme ends Implications?

29 Summary Good evidence for response to moderate rates of P in low rainfall, crop-fallow areas  Inconsistent responses to dry MAP above 0 P control  Fluid P is clearly an advantage here Questions on soil test methods Ongoing work to explain chemistry and implications of recent soil acidification

30 Questions?

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