1. Forces Behind Change By: Mr. Martinez

2. Guiding Questions Natural events shape the earth. How does the movement of the earth’s plates cause land features? What are the different types of plate boundaries? What evidence supports the theory of plate tectonics?

8. Heat Transfer

10. Definitions crust - the rigid, rocky outer surface of the Earth, composed mostly of basalt and granite. The crust is thinner under the oceans. mantle - a rocky layer located under the crust - it is composed of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium. Convection (heat) currents carry heat from the hot inner mantle to the cooler outer mantle. outer core - the molten iron-nickel layer that surrounds the inner core. inner core - the solid iron-nickel center of the Earth that is very hot and under great pressure.

11. Definitions Continental Crust - the thick parts of the Earth's crust, not located under the ocean. Lithosphere - the crust plus the rigid, upper mantle. Lower Mantle (semi-rigid) - the deepest parts of the mantle, just above the core. Ocean - large bodies of water sitting atop oceanic crust. Oceanic Crust - thin parts of the Earth's crust located under the oceans. Upper Mantle (rigid) - the uppermost part of the mantle, part of the Lithosphere. Upper Mantle (flowing) = Asthenosphere - the lower part of the upper mantle that exhibits plastic (flowing) properties. It is located below the lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle).

12. PLATE TECTONICS theory: explains the formation, movement, and subduction of the Earth’s plates due to the convection currents in the mantle.

14. Divergent Boundary http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/flash/2_6.swfwww.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/flash/2_6.swf

15. Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle Iceland: An example of continental rifting

16. Divergent Boundary

18. Convergent Boundary http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/convection. htm

19. Convergent Boundary

20. Called SUBDUCTION Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision

23. Fault / Transformation http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/living_planet/mountains.htm

24. Where plates slide past each other Transform Boundaries Above: View of the San Andreas transform fault

27. Hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate What are Hotspot Volcanoes? Photo: Tom Pfeiffer / www.volcanodiscovery.com The Hawaiian island chain are examples of hotspot volcanoes.

28. The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot forming a chain of volcanoes. The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.

29. Hot Spots

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31. Two plates collide and one is pulled underneath the other. The plate that is pulled under melts creating magma that rises. Two plates collide and one is pushed upward.

32. Faults like San Andreas form. Many earthquakes occur along these faults. Subsidence occurs. Great Rift Valley in Africa is an example.