1. Chapter 1: The First Peoples until 10,000 BCE

2. Chapter 13 The long road to the global presence of humankind chart

3. Day in the Life of a Typical Heidelbergensis The early ancestors of humans were not great hunters. They relied on gathering food such as fruits, nuts, and roots and occasionally coming across a carcass that could be scavenged for meat after what ever had killed it left. They could however fish for another source of protein and used stone tools and bones. 95% of the time humans have spent on the planet was during this time period: The Paleolithic Age = old stone age people.

4. Africa: The First Baby Steps Human Activity in Africa 100,000 years ago 1.Began inhabiting new environments forests/deserts. 2.Technological innovation: stone blades for cutting, attaching rock points to sticks for spears, made tools from bones and used grind stones. 3.Emergence of Gathering and Hunting following herds who intern followed the seasons. This led to planned settlements and more hunting for meat rather than scavenging. 4.Exchange of goods up to 200 miles away creating a large network of human communication. 5.Body decoration: ornaments, beads etc and possibly planned burials which shows a change in the social and symbolic behavior that is innate to “human culture.”

5. Insert strayer map pg 14 and chart 13

6. Conquering the World As humans began to migrate to other parts of the world they had to learn to adapt to varying climates… from the rainforest to the tundra. Most of human existence on the earth has taken place during very turbulent weather patterns in particular the last Ice Age which started about 20,000 years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. That’s 10,000 years living on a frozen planet! There was one advantage to living during the Ice Age… when much of the world is covered in ice, sea levels drop making it easier to travel from region to region using “land bridges.” – The most famous being the Bearing Straight but there were others in Polynesia and elsewhere that were integral to human migration.

7. Why Migrate? 3 Types of Migration 1.Forced 2.Reluctant 3.Voluntary Carrying Capacity - The number of people that an area can support until migration is forced.

8. Ice Age Tidbit During an ice age (250,000 years ago) the northern and southern parts of the earth were under ice while the equator region experienced a massive drought. Modern humans (fully evolved just like us called homo sapiens) still lived in Africa during this time period; nearly going extinct due to the severe lack of water and only migrated out of Africa as the ice receded. The humans living in the ice covered regions of the world were Neanderthals who though they were very similar to modern humans were slightly different and were an evolutionary dead end. As you can see Neanderthal man was not the only evolutionary dead end on the path to becoming modern humans.

10. Into Australia

11. 60,000 Years Ago The first migration of modern humans was along the coast lines of Africa, the Middle East, India, Polynesia and finally into Australia. Genetic studies have found that the aborigines are the closest relatives to the African tribe (still existing today) that is considered to be the originator of modern humans. Getting to Australia was a major task and required a huge new invention… Though water levels during this time were much lower than they are today our ancient ancestors would have had to develop this new technology to get there. Interestingly they did not go any further than Australia nor did they populate any of the islands on the way to Australia.

12. Aborigines When Europeans arrived in Australia in 1788, which they named New Holland, they came across about 300,000 aborigines and 250 different languages. They were immediately considered inferior due to the fact that these first Australians had remained mostly nomadic relying on the collection of roots, tubers, bulbs, seeds, and cereal grasses. Hunting native animals, fish, and birds. They also had not bothered to improve the technology they had arrived with for the simple fact that they didn’t need to. Aborigines were able to maintain a very comfortable lifestyle living the same way ancient nomadic tribes had.

13. Aboriginal Culture Aborigines created a vast culture that revolved around what translates into “Dreamtime.” It recounts the beginning and the settlement of Australia expressed in stories, ceremonies, and rock art. These stories on a basic level reflect the migration, communication, and exchange networks of their Paleolithic migration across south Asia into Australia.

14. Into Eurasia: Out of Africa Round 2 40,000 Years Ago

15. Migration About 40,000 years ago modern humans again left Africa and headed towards the Middle East. From there they moved west into southern Europe and east into Asia. During this time period there were huge technological changes. Humans began to focus their hunting on reindeer and horses using spear throwers, bow and arrow, and new and improved stone tools.

16. Migration Also during this time period cave drawings became prevalent mostly in Europe. Cave drawings often depicted the actions of daily life such as hunting. These paintings are the first indications of a kinship and sense of humanity among early humans.

18. New Technology By the time humans made it into the central plains of Europe, Ukraine and Russia, brand new technology had emerged Including: -Bone needles -Multilayered clothing -Weaving -Nets -Storage pits -Baskets -Pottery

19. Movement Dwellings during this time period were constructed of bone and mammoth tusks and compensated for a lack of caves and wood in some areas. Though these dwelling were somewhat portable they were designed to last for extended periods in one area showing that though these humans were still nomadic they did settle for short periods of time. The most likely reason was to take advantage of specific growing seasons and the herds the plants attracted. By settling they could gather the plant harvests and hunt the animals feeding on the plants. They could then disassemble their dwellings and follow the herds to the next harvest area.

20. Movement Because they were following herds and harvests cavemen were not wandering aimlessly but generally traveling in a circle occasionally venturing into new territory to populate the earth. Spring: Begin moving from winter settlement to spring harvests Fall: Begin movement to winter settlement Winter settlement Summer: Move from harvest to harvest

21. Communication Humans during this time also had extensive communication networks trading goods and cultural items like beads, jewelry, and figurines. In particular female figurines showing how important women were to the survival of nomadic tribes. Why were women so important to Nomadic Culture?

22. Into the Americas Settlement of the western hemisphere came much later than Australia and Europe. It was a long trek walking across modern day Russia (imagine walking across 11 time zones) across the Bering Straight and down through north and south America. Just when this migration occurred is debatable but estimated between 30,000 to 15,000 years ago. Whatever the date, by 12,000 years ago there is evidence of human activity in Chile.

23. Culture The first evidence of widespread culture comes from the Clovis people (Clovis NM) who scattered across North America around 12,000-11,000 years ago. They were big game hunters (Mammoths) whose culture was short lived. They begin to disappear from Archeological record about 10,500 years ago when the big game of the Ice Age began to die as the Ice Age ended.

24. The End of Ice Once the Ice Age ended people across the globe had to adapt to new climates creating a much greater diversity of cultures. Many groups retained a nomadic lifestyle though to what degree varied from region to region. There were others who would settle to become the first farmers and some in this group would eventually create cities and states. In North America: – Hunters in the Great Plains continued their nomadic lifestyle hunting bison. – Desert dwellers learned to rely on seasonal plants, small animals and innovative techniques to find water. – Those living by water (seas, lakes, large rivers) lived off their ability to fishing and catch birds for protein.

25. The Final Frontier: Into the Pacific The last phase of human migration occurred on the Pacific islands about 3,500 years ago. These groups spread to islands further and further into the Pacific with the deliberate intention to settle new areas. Why? These groups made a huge leap in technology by creating boats that could sail into the wind and could carry not only tribe members but all of the other things needed to set up camp on a new island such as plants and animals. Their technology was so good they were even able to sail to Madagascar. The Polynesian people spread quickly throughout the islands creating the largest language tree in the world.

26. Settling Down Once humans settled there are major improvements in technology such as the minituration of stone tools to create smaller spear points, arrowheads, knives and scrapers as well as putting handles on these objects. The process of settling down also shifted the role of women. – In nomadic societies women were key to survival as they were the ones to gather nuts, fruits, berries, roots etc which the group depended on as their main source of food. If the hunting party came back empty handed it was the food gathered by women that kept them alive. – With settlement and farming there was no longer a need to this vital job and so we begin to see the shift towards patriarchal societies in which women were seen of little importance or use besides procreation

27. What does Culture Often Revolve Around? There is ample evidence that Paleolithic people led very spiritual lives: Rock art deep in caves where they could not be ruined by weather away from living areas suggests that these areas were ceremonial space. They also buried their loved ones, often with trinkets like necklaces and clothing, rather than simply leaving the body of a tribe member to be scavenged by animals. It is also believed through stories and rock art that they had part-time “religious” leaders and different tribes each had deities. Some practicing monotheism or polytheism. Finally in Europe there appears to be high regard for the female figure and feminism as this is the region where most of the female figurines are found. Today they are called Venus Women. Spirituality