1. Genetics
Who are you and why are you the way you are?
There are some traits that are hard to figure out like how your hair color came to be, or height.
However,
Some things are controlled by one gene.
They are easy to see !

2. Single Gene Traits On a piece of paper, copy this chart
type
√ you
Class
Average
Earlobes
Free
Attached
Dimples
Absent
Present
Chin
Cleft
No Cleft
Hair Line
Straight
Widows peak
Finger Hair
Thumb
Hitchhiker's
PTC
Taste
Non-taste
Hand Clasping
Right over left
Left over right
Color Blind
See Red/ Green
See no difference
Handed
left handed
right handed
Tongue Rolling
Roll
Non-rolling

3. Earlobes
Dimples
Chin (Cleft)
Hairline
Finger hair
PTC Tasting
Hand clasping
Thumb
Color Blind
Handedness
Tongue Rolling

4. Fill out the chart for you, then we will figure out the class averages together.
Questions:
For each of the traits, which would be the “dominant” trait from your data? (use class info)
How can you use this to determine a possibility of what traits your children would show?
Take the chart home and survey your Mother and Father, and even grandparents (if you can) and bring back results.

5. Genetics
Def: the study of reproduction and the results of the combination of chromosomes.
Gregor Mendel – (1822 – 1884)
Austrian Monk who is considered “Father of Genetics”
He worked as a Teacher and Gardener
He found that plants have “factors” that get passed from one generation to another. (Factors are now called Genes)
He found that when two different pea plants were crossed, one factor seemed to disappear in the offspring.
It reappears in the next generation

6. Mendel called the first generation the Parent or “P” Generation.
He called the first offspring generation the First Filial or “F1” Generation.
The second offspring generation, he called the Second Filial or “F2” Generation.
Mendel’s Laws
1. Law of Segregation
- Chromosomes separate (segregate) into different gametes during meiosis.
2. Law of Independent Assortment
All Chromosomes segregate independent of each other. None are connected to each other

7. Example of Independent Assortment

8. A roll of the dice or a flip of a coin
Mendel talked about traits and called the genes for those traits alleles.
Allele -
the different genes for a trait
The traits that you got when sperm and egg came together was NOTHING but probability.
A roll of the dice or a flip of a coin

9. Mendel also gave us the genetics terms Dominant and Recessive
A trait that will ALWAYS show up if it is in the genes
Dominant -
Recessive -
A trait that will ONLY show up if there are no dominant genes present
Example: Your Mom gives you the gene for having a free earlobes (DOMINANT), and Dad gives you genes for attached earlobes (recessive)
What are you?
Mom
Dad
Free
Free
Attached

10. Recessive lighter color
Let’s look at some traits
DOMINANT Black color
This dog’s genetics could be two ways
We show it like this:
“B” from one parent, “B” from the other parent OR
“B” from one parent, “b” from the other parent
“BB” is Homozygous for the trait.
“Bb” is Heterozygous for the trait.
Recessive lighter color
This dog’s genetics CAN ONLY be shown one way:
“b” from one parent, “b” from the other parent
Recessive traits are ALWAYS homozygous; thus it would be “bb”

11. X b b B b OK, now for a problem:
If I have a heterozygous black male and a golden female that mate, X
what is the chances of having golden puppies in the litter?
b b
B b
50% black 50% golden
100% golden
You can make a Punnett square b b Bb Bb
50% B bb bb b

12. Chart for some human traits
So, what is the chances of having a child with dimples if the parents neither have dimples?
CC or Cc
WW or Ww
DD or Dd
BB or Bb
FF or Ff
EE or Ee
AA or Aa Cc ww dd bb ff ee aa d d dd dd 0% d dd dd d
What is the chances that two Heterozygous dominant, freckled
People will have a child with no dimples F f FF Ff
25% F Ff ff f

13. Definitions to know:
Genotype: what the genes say (heterozygous or homozygous).
Phenotype: physical appearance of the organism (black or golden).

14. What do we do if we want to predict the offspring with two traits?
Dihybrid Cross: tool used to predict the offspring of parents with TWO traits
Ex:

15. Writing Assignment:
On one piece of paper, give your own definition for the following:
Dominant
Recessive
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
On a separate sheet of paper write a two paragraph answer to the following:
Knowing what you do about Genetics so far, answer this:
In what way can scientists use genetics to determine the traits of offspring of a mating of two individuals.
How do animal breeders use genetics to keep traits that they want and get rid of traits they do not want in offspring?

16. Everything is not always clear cut:
Incomplete Dominance:
One allele can not completely dominate the other.
Codominance:
When both dominant alleles show in the offspring.
Red
White
Roan offspring

17. Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O Black, Brown Blonde & Red
Multiple Allele Traits:
Example:
Traits having more than one allele that can be found in the population.
Human Blood Types
Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
Four distinctly different types
Polygenic Traits:
Example:
Traits that are controlled by several genes at the same time.
Human hair color
Black, Brown Blonde & Red
Four major colors blended through more than a dozen different allele groups.

18. All of these things are products of selective breeding
Genetic Engineering
Definition:
manipulating the genes of an organism due to selective breeding or microbiological processes
Selective Breeding:
selecting certain individuals to be the parents of the future generations.
All of these things are products of selective breeding

19. Hybridization: Hybrid Vigor:
Crossing two “wild” species to try to get a hybrid with the best traits of the parent species.
Hybrid Vigor:
Having an offspring species that is better in many ways than either of the parent species

20. No Is everyone’s DNA the same? DNA “Fingerprints” Karyotyping
Def: Isolating differences (variables) in the DNA among groups of organisms.
Is everyone’s DNA the same?
Karyotyping No
Therefore, if we can isolate the differences, we have a unique set of characteristics for the individual.
This can involve different methods.
Gel Electrophoresis

21. Gel Electrophoresis: Def: scientist do several things.
Take samples of DNA
Use enzymes to cut the DNA at specific places
Place sample in gels.
Use electric current to draw the DNA through the gel
Smaller pieces move faster and go further into the gel.
The bands differ from person to person.

22. Karyotyping:
This involves catching the chromosomes when they are compacted ready for cell division.
Then they must be paired up with their “match”
When all the chromosomes in the human genetic makeup are paired, it looks like this:
For simplicity, geneticist only use one half of each of the Chromosome to do the matching.
Each half is a Chromatid