1. Chapter 7.4 Economic Recovery Sparks Change

2. Focus Q: Monday, Oct. 7 How have farmers increased agricultural output throughout history? What was the impact of farmers producing more food?

3. What are we learning?Why? Agriculture and trade improve to spark econ. recovery. End of Dark Ages? As commerce and cities grow, the middle class emerges The Dark Ages end Technology drives the economy Examples of technology in our economy? Good or bad?

5. An Agricultural Revolution Beginnings of economic growth by 1000 1. Begins in countryside 2. New farming technologies produce more food and populations grow fast

6. Technology Improves Farming 1. By 800s, peasants using iron plows, better than wood plows – N. European soil heavier than Medit. soil 2. New harness: could use horses, not oxen – Horses faster, plow more land, raise more crops

11. Production and Population Grow Lords who want more income have peasants: Clear forests, drain swamps, reclaim wasteland New 3-tier system—only 1/3 unplanted 1 field w/ grain 1 field w/ legumes: peas, beans 1 field lies fallow: nothing planted

12. Fallow fields = crop rotation

13. Production and Population Grow **Legumes restore fertility to soil, add protein to diet ** More food, more people 1000-1300 European pop. nearly triples What sounds familiar here? Remember the Neolithic Revolution?

14. Revival of Trade and Travel Europe’s population grows Feudal warfare, foreign invasions declined People felt safer and traveled more

15. Trade Routes Expand 1.Traders form merchant companies that travel together for safety: armed caravans 2.Europe to Middle East to East Asia 3.Goods traded: Chinese silks, Byzantine gold jewelryAsian spices Europeans trade honey, furs, cloth, tin, lead Some trade associations (Hanseatic League): punish robber and pirates, build lighthouses, train ship pilots

16. Medieval Trade

17. Growth of Towns and Cities 1.Trade fairs closed in the fall. 2.Merchants wintered near castles or towns 3.These areas attract artisans—sell stuff to traders 4.Become 1 st medieval cities 5.By 1400, some over 100 K people

18. Growth of Towns and Cities 1.**Richest towns were in N. Italy and Flanders: 2 ends of profitable north-south trade line** 2.Were centers for wool and textile trade

19. Flanders

20. Growth of Towns and Cities 1.To protect their interests, merchants new to town asked the king or local lord of a **charter** **Written document spelling out rights and privileges of the town** Cost lump sum, yearly fee or both

21. Growth of Cities and Towns 1.Many charters had a clause popular w/ runaway serfs: live in a town 1 year and 1 day, your free 2.Also, manors became overcrowded—lords often let peasants buy their freedom, they moved to towns

22. A Commercial Revolution 1.As trade revived, use of money increased 2.Need for capital ($) stimulates growth in banking for loans 3.Merchants extend credit

23. Beginnings of Modern Business 1.Merchants for partnerships – Have more $ to invest, share the risk 2.Develop insurance: protects your shipment 3.Methods of **credit** – **From Muslims** – Don’t have to carry gold

24. Beginnings of Modern Business **Partnerships, insurance, and credit lead to a commercial revolution**

25. Society Begins to Change 1. Use of $ undermines serfdom – Serfs sell farm products. Can pay rent in $, instead of labor 2.Church forbade Christians to lend $ at interest—called usury – **Jews, barred from other professions, get into lending** – Their success leads to resentment and anti- semitism

26. Rise of the Middle Class **Merchants, traders, artisans form the new middle class** Nobles despise them: disruptive influence in towns Clergy despise them: profits made from usury, lending $ at interest

27. Role of the Guilds Guild Hall

28. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

29. Medieval Guilds   Commercial Monopoly: to protect their economic interests, ie. no competition  Limited membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman  Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].  Controlled prices, regulate hours

30. Role of Guilds Also, operated schools and hospitals, provided support for widows and orphans of members Women had their own guilds and worked in dozens of crafts.

31. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

32. Becoming a Guild Member 1. Apprentice: train with a master – 7 years learning trade – Not paid, got food, housing, sometimes cloths 2. Journeyman: salaried worker, low pay 3. Guild master: rarely became guild master unless you were related to one

33. Guilds: which professions do you recognize? Are these last names? Bakers, cobblers, butchers Jewelers, stone masons, carpenters Coopers, tailors, blacksmiths Harness maker, weaver, bookbinder Architect, leatherworker, banker apothecaries, painter, sculptor

34. Town and City Life 1.Were surrounded by high, protective walls—like a castle? 2.Newcomers settled outside the walls 3.Towns were overcrowded—added 2 nd, 3 rd stories 4.Most cities were a jumble of narrow streets and tall houses 5.Fire was a constant threat

36. Town and City Life: read, any thoughts 1.Neighborhoods were people of similar backgrounds, professions 2.Daytime: loud, busy 3.Nightime: streets deserted 4.No garbage or sewer systems 5.Waste thrown in streets 6.Towns were filthy, smelly, noisy, crowded: perfect for spreading disease

37. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

39. 7.4 Left Side Use Color! 1.Create a guild crest of an occupation that you would have enjoyed if you had lived during the middle ages. Include at least 4 symbols of your guild 2. At the bottom of your crest, establish rules (3+) and/or requirements for joining your guild.

40. Guilds Bakers, cobblers, butchers Jewelers, stone masons, carpenters Coopers, tailors, blacksmiths Harness maker, weaver, bookbinder Architect, leatherworker, banker apothecaries, painter, sculptor

41. Ch. 7 left side activity Draw 3 pictures w/ captions for the following topics: 1.Vassals, lords, knights or serfs. 2.Treatment of Jews in Medieval times. 3.Anything to do w/ the power, influence of the Christian Church in Medieval times. Think: papal supremacy, women, sacraments, Benedictine Rule, etc.