1. Vocabulary: 1)Cultural Diffusion: The exchange of ideas, customs, goods, and technologies between cultures. 2) Geography: The study of the earth; in the form of climate, elevation, population, land use, and industries. 3) Interdependence: When two or more countries rely on one another economically, politically, and socially. 4) Topography: Detailed mapping or charting of physical features.

2. Absolute Monarchy: The ruler of a country has complete control over its country and the people Divine Right: Rulers belief that their power came from God Autocracy: system of government where the ruler has complete control Limited Monarchy: System of government where the ruler has some control over the people in its country. Natural Rights: Rights/privileges that people are entitled to from birth.

3. Peninsula: long portion of land that is surrounded by water by three sides. Climate: The average weather of a place over a period of time. Physiocrat: Thinkers who focused on Economic reform. Laissez Faire: Allow businesses to operate without government intervention. Reform: To make changes or improvements Mercantilism: an economic policy where a nation sought to export (sell) more than they import (buy) to build up their nations wealth.

4. Infrastructure: the build up of or improvements on communication and transportation (roads, railroads, bridges) Derive: to receive or get Justify: to explain Blockade: Isolating an area with troops and/or ships. Coup d’ etat: Military overthrow of the government Deficit Spending: spending more than you or a country is earning or bringing in.

5. Nationalism: devotion and pride for ones country; the willingness to unite and fight for unity and independence. Suffrage: The right to vote Persecute: to harass, behave hostile towards someone because of their race, religion or political beliefs (their differences) Revolution: A change in government or society (there may or may not be violence during this change) Famine: A shortage of food which will cause starvation to the people Tyrant: A ruler who uses force and terror to rule their country Abolish: To do away with

6. Abdicate: to step down from Abide: to follow Adhere: to give support to or maintain loyalty Anarchy: a nation or area without government or stability Hinder: to hold back, prevent Infringe: to violate or trespass

7. Oppress: to crush or push down by an abuse of power Realpolitik: the ends justify the means Refugee: someone who flees to another country for safety Tolerate: to allow or accept Toil: exhausting work Aristocrat: a person in a high social class; nobles or lords

8. Abundant: more than enough, sufficient amount Centralize: to bring under more control; to bring to a central point Consent: Approval or acceptance Rural: country Urbanization: building up of cities Treason: going against the government Moderate: keeping within limits; acceptance of some change

9. Liberal: someone who favors reform, sometimes extreme reform Conservative: someone who wants to preserve (save) traditional belief; is not in favor of change Coalition: an alliance or union between people and/or countries. Exploit: to use selfishly for your own profit Mother Country: the name referred to the country who takes another place over; The original country from where settlers came from Imperialism: When a stronger nation takes over a weaker one.

10. Colony: territory or area that has been taken over by a stronger force. Tribalism: strong loyalty to ones tribe; willingness to fight and save their tribe and it’s traditions and customs Isolationism: When a country keeps to themselves and declines to form any economic ties and alliances. Notorious: To be known for something negative or bad Inhumane: Lacking kindness, compassion, safety, generosity

11. Communism: a government where all social, political, and economic activity is controlled by the government. Collective: large farms owned by the government and operated by workers as a group Command Economy: an economic system where government officials made all basic economic decisions. (Factories, farms, and large businesses are all under government control) Soviet: Council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian Revolutionaries in 1917. Totalitarian State: A one party dictatorship that attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens.

12. Ration: a portion (fixed amount) of material (food, clothing, goods) given to people, especially soldiers, during war time Propaganda: information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread to help or harm a person, group, movement, or nation. Armistice: A temporary time in which two countries stop fighting. Genocide: Mass murder of one specific group due to their ethnicity, religion, skin color or beliefs. Anti-Semitism: Prejudice and Hatred against Jewish people. Appeasement: To give in to the demands of an aggressor to maintain peace. Inflation: The continuous rise in prices of goods, and the value of a country’s money decreases.

13. Collaborators: To work cooperatively with another person, group, or country. Sanction: to penalize another country. (stop trading, end alliances, etc) Pogrom: Organized raid and massacre against Jewish communities. This was supported by the government. Ration: a portion (fixed amount) of material (food, clothing, goods) given to people, especially soldiers, during war time Total War: a war in which every available weapon is used and the nation's full financial resources are devoted to. Reparations: are payments intended to cover damage or injury inflicted during a war

14. Prior: Before Buffer Zone: An area between two or more areas that attempt to separate hostile areas. Command Economy: An economic system where government officials make all economic decisions. Containment: A policy of preventing something from spreading. Market Economy: An economic system where production and prices are determined by private business and supply and demand. Satelites: Eastern European countries who became allied Communist nations with the USSR (Soviet Russia).

15. Blockade: Sealing off an area to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving. Dismantle: to break apart or separate. Denounce: to declare to be wrong or evil. Détente: to ease hostility or tension between nations. Civilian: A person not in the armed forces or police Cease-fire: An order to stop fighting.

16. Dissidents: Disarmament: To reduce the production of weapons or the withdrawal of military forces. Perestroika: To make reforms in the economic and political system in the USSR under Gorbachev. Glasnost: A policy in the USSR under Gorbachev to allow more openness of opinions on the government. Ethnic Cleansing: Mass killing of an unwanted ethnic or religious group.