2. By 1900 only 2 African Nations remained independent... Ethiopia Liberia

3. Roots of Independence Movement Desire for freedom never abandoned Post WW1 &WW2 movements American Civil Rights Movement Nasser & Arab Nationalism

4. Struggle for Independence Traditional Colony Colonial Government Export Based Economy European Settled Colony Colonial Government Export Based Economy White Minority Rule Legalized Discrimination

5. Kwame Nkrumah Under his leadership, Ghana, becomes first African colony to achieve independence

6. Ghana Becomes Independent 1957 1st Colony to Achieve Independence Avoids Tribal Conflicts

7. OAU Nhrumah founded the OAU-- Organization of African Unity worked to promote African economic independence Nkrumah & WEB de Bois work on Pan-African Movement

8. Patrice Lumumba Became 1st independent leader of Congo considered a radical by west assassinated in military take over

9. Rebellion in Kenya British colony of Kenya heavily settled by White farmers Took land from Kikuyu and Masai people

10. Mau Mau Rebellion Mau Mau called themselves the Land & Freedom Party protested for Independence mass arrests

11. Jomo Kenyatta Kikuyu leader arrested for “terrorism” imprisoned for 8 years became President of Kenya

12. Jomo Kenyatta Kenya becomes strongest democracy in Africa Kenyatta made Kenya an economic success

13. Jomo Kenyatta Kenyatta led fight for African stability and prosperity. He stays in power to long = corruption & abuse

14. Ending Apartheid in South Africa African National Congress Political Party began fight against Apartheid

15. Apartheid

16. Nelson Mandela Leader of ANC arrested and jailed for 28 years 120 ANC leaders were jailed

17. The Years of Struggle

18. Steve Biko Biko organized student protests against Apartheid banned person beaten to death by police

19. Bishop Desmond Tutu Anglican minister who led international protest against Apartheid South Africa sanctioned

20. Impact of Sanctions Worldwide Protest against Apartheid Ban on Trade & Banking Financial Crisis in South Africa

21. F.W. de Klerk & Nelson Mandela De Klerk, white prime minister negotiated with Mandela released him from Prison made agreement for free elections with all South African’s allowed to vote

22. South Africa Avoids Bloodbath

23. South African Independence 1994: first free elections Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa 1994 to present: South Africans work to create economic equality tribunal: trials for criminal acts under Apartheid