1. The World of Cities

2. What was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800s? ► Germ Theory – most microbes cause infectious disease  Louis Pasteur : French chemist made link between microbes & disease ► Pasteurization ► Vaccines Against Rabies, Anthrax  Tuberculosis identified and treated in 1914

3. Understanding Germs ► Changed clothing more often, overall hygiene went up

4. Hospitals, Good or BAD? ► At time, only poor went and most didn’t come back  Florence Nightingale – British Nurse said “the first requirement of the hospital is that it should do the sick no harm”….Hailed as saint for changes  Anesthetic vs. Antiseptics ► Allowed for operations but wasn’t until antiseptics that wounds would be kept clean

6. How had cities changed by 1900? ►U►U►U►URBAN RENEWAL: Spacious renovations – government buildings, parks, stores, theaters ►W►W►W►Wide Boulevards – Ex. Paris RRRRemoved medieval roads & tenements LLLLed to jobs EEEEasier for troops/police to reach any part of city

7. Other Advancements ► Trolley’s – enabled living away from work ► Paved streets/walks made more livable ► Street lights – night safety ► Sewage Systems – costly but cut death rates dramatically ► Skyscrapers became popular with mass production of steel

9. The Slums ► Conditions improved slightly but slums remained a part of city life

10. Working Class Struggles ► After 1869, France, Britain, Germany had legalized labor unions ► Pressured governments to pass laws to improve working conditions ► Set Work Hours, Pension Plans and Disability Insurance All rose from 2 nd I.R.