1. History 17C The American People, World War I to the Present

2. The Civil Rights Movement

3. Themes: From 1960 to 1965, the Civil Rights Movement won its most substantial gains, amounting to the elimination of formal (as opposed to informal) racial discrimination from American society

4. Themes: Yet at the very moment this historic victory was at hand, many veterans of the Movement were more discouraged than ever, feeling hopelessly distant from the goal of a racially just society

5. Persistence of de facto discrimination; ongoing poverty, family breakdown, and urban despair Reasons for discouragement:

6. Success of nonviolent strategy—a paradox Reasons for discouragement:

8. The “Sit-In” Movement, 1960 Greensboro, NC

9. Nashville, TN The “Sit-In” Movement, 1960

10. Nashville Activists Diane Nash John Lewis

11. A 1963 sit-in in Jackson, MS

12. Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Designed to dramatize the inhumanity of segregation

13. “The Beloved Community”

14. Boycotts of National Chain Stores, 1960

15. Southern Christian Leadership Conference Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

16. Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Designed to dramatize the inhumanity of segregation

17. Anti-Civil Rights violence was so brutal that many CR activists lost faith in integration Paradox of success:

18. Anti-Civil Rights violence was so brutal that many CR activists lost faith in integration Paradox of success:

19. Anti-Civil Rights violence was so brutal that many CR activists lost faith in integration Paradox of success:

20. 1960—In Boynton v. Virginia Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in interstate public transportation

21. President John F. Kennedy initially failed to enforce ruling

22. Freedom Rides, 1961 Challenging segregation in Southern bus stations

23. Freedom Rides, 1961

24. Firebombing of bus in Anniston, AL Freedom Rides, 1961

25. Diane Nash John Lewis

26. Freedom Rides, 1961

27. John Lewis and James Zwerg after being beaten by mobs in Montgomery, AL Freedom Rides, 1961

30. John Lewis

31. September 1961— Kennedy instructed Interstate Commerce Commission to prohibit discrimination in interstate transit facilities throughout US

32. Rift between SNCC and Martin Luther King

33. Birmingham Campaign Spring-Summer 1963

35. Police Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor

36. Governor George Wallace

37. A. G. Gaston

38. MLK’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

39. “The Children’s Crusade”

41. June 11, 1963—JFK addressed nation and spoke of Civil Rights as moral issue

42. Days later, he introduced legislation to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations June 11, 1963—JFK addressed nation and spoke of Civil Rights as moral issue

43. March on Washington, August 1963

44. A. Philip Randolph

45. March on Washington, August 1963 John Lewis

46. March on Washington, August 1963 John Lewis A. Philip Randolph

47. March on Washington, August 1963 John Lewis

48. Murder of Medgar Evers, June 1963

49. Bombing of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, September 1963

50. Malcolm X

51. Elijah Muhammad Malcolm Little

52. FBI Wiretaps on King Robert F. Kennedy J. Edgar Hoover

53. Blackmail letter, November 1964 FBI harassment of King

56. November 22, 1963—Kennedy assassinated

57. Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1969

58. Civil Rights Act of 1964

59. LBJ and the Great Society

61. Murders of Andrew Goodman James Chaney Michael Schwerner “Freedom Summer,” 1964

62. Selma Campaign Early 1965

63. Sheriff James Clark

64. Selma Campaign Early 1965 Killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson

65. Planned march from Selma to Montgomery

66. John Lewis Hosea Williams

67. Edmund Pettus Bridge, Selma, AL

68. “Bloody Sunday,” March 7, 1965

69. LBJ and MLK

72. Selma Campaign Early 1965 Killing of James Reeb

73. Selma Campaign Early 1965 Killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson