1. A Word and its Relative: Derivation (P:44)
Unit 5
A Word and its Relative: Derivation (P:44)
5.1 Relation bw Lexemes:
a. words can have grammatical factors determine thier forms: (perform: performs- performed)
b. Words also can have no grammatical factors: as making nouns from verbs( like adding : ance.. To Perform+ ance)
By other hand:

2. In some context if any verb appears like the verb (perform) should have (s) for 3rd person singular
In some context if any verb appear like the verb (perform) should have (ed) for regular past simple. It called inflectional
But, no context in which you must add :ance wherever nouns appear.

3. But it uses only by grammar and it called derivational
Bcz it deals with words structure includes affixation(as: tion- ly- ous – ment) suffixes
Therefore, here it deals with derivation (affixation)
*the word performance then is not a variant f the lexemes (perform)
As you remember the variant of any lexeme are the (present- past- continuous- perfect and future )of the word.

4. “performance” relates to other lexeme, what is it?
But,
“performance” relates to other lexeme, what is it?
The lexeme (performance1) has plural form (Performances2 ) therefore, the lexeme (PEFORMANCE) has two forms: singular: (performance) and plural (performance). As the lexeme BOY has two form(boy)/(boys)
Then the relation bw the word:(perform& performance) is LEXEME relation not bw words form.

5. Thus it called(derivational) morphology
it studies the relations between LEXEMES
-not concern with the synonymy or words with same sound (homonym) of lexemes(row) same sound but 2 meaning.
But, concern with the relation involve Affixes: ( prefixes+ suffixes) and the new grammatical and semantics tasks these affixes can born.

6. These bring piles of impossible derivational words to encyclopediaNB
These bring piles of impossible derivational words to encyclopedia
The Term
Base:
Is a complete form to which affixes attached

7. It invented new words from a base for examples:
Base for new lexemes
Cat
cats
wife
Wives
child
Base for children
boy
boys
helpful
Helpfulness

8. Words classes & Convention
5.2
This unit is about:
How to form (derive):
Adj. form Nouns
Nouns from verbs
Etc….

9. As: Adjectives- noun- verbs …etc
You know :
the new words classes
As: Adjectives- noun- verbs …etc

10. ooooh By the other words:
Word classes is the new name for : Parts of Speech another name is: Lexical categories

11. Confident students
Know the parts of speech or word class or lexical categories of any words from their meaning. But, it is incorrect

12. At school you told that:
verbs > doing words
Nouns > are things words
Adj > are describing words
the trouble is that
They need to put together lexemes :
With similar grammatical behavior
And know the different lexeme with different grammatical behavior

13. Examples again: It is a prototype of> doing words
The lexeme : Perform
It is a prototype of> doing words
Its meaning is denote to something actors or musicians do

14. Compare The lexeme: perform & performance
They Denote to same activities
Is that means both belong to same word class
It is hardly to be right
Bcz, they occur in different syntactic contexts
So their inflection behavior is so different
Perform as a verb is formed like this:
(performs- performed- performing)

15. Performance as a noun is performed likes this:
Performance> singular
Performances> plural

16. Both have different meaning
Look at this example:
My great uncle William resemble giraffe:
Do you report some action? No you describe him.
We use describing wordsOr adjectives
Like: TALL- Interesting
Both have comparative and superlative forms
Taller- tallest= more interesting- most interesting

17. Resemble has many forms:
Resembled- resembles resembling-
Parallel to the form: performance
But: a root can have a verbal suffix like
Ed ing
And Noun plural (s)
But (s) belong to 2 types of lexeme…. What is it?
V…N

18. Verbs-Nouns Pairs(p:47)
1.Verbal construction
2.Nominal construction
Stated>
Knew >
Denied >
Admitted>
acknowledged
statement
knowledge
denial
Admission
Acknowledgement

19. For morphology we say: Verbal construction in column (1) is the basic
Nominal construction in column (2) derived from it.
But look at the following table:

20. Table 2
3. hope
4. fear
She hoped
Her hope
her fear
her hope

21. Are they basically verbal or nominal? P”48
May be nominal in 3 are derived from verbal in 4. although no affixes.
Therefore, linguists claims that derivation can happen without change in shape (it seem strange)
They call it( zero derived) carry phonological empty> unpronunced

22. Another process for derivation is
Conversionتحويلات
(transmit) how? A lexeme belong to one class
Can converted easily to another
Without change in shape. Another way is:
Ambivalent متردد (doubt)
But one can sure to which class the word class the basic form word is belong.