1. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Question?? Who were the most influential people of the past century? James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA (and Rosalind Franklin).

2. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Topics  Stem Cells – The Basics  Cloning – Therapeutic and Human  The Politics – State, National, International

3. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Stem Cell History 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos 1999 - First successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers 2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research

4. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research 2002 - California approves stem cell research 2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding 2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells

5. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Importance  Disease Diabetes, Spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease  Genetic based Disease Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s

6. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Stem Cell Characteristics  ‘ Blank cells’ (unspecialized)  Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal)  Have the potential to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiation)

7. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Stem Cell Differentiation Princeton University

8. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Sexual Reproduction The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

9. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Stem Cell Cultivation University of Wisconsin-Madison

10. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)  August 9, 2001 - President Bush restricted federal funding of human embryonic stem cell research to 70 lines thought to be in existence  Only 11 now available and useable  Many researchers calling for change Science and Politics of ESCs research

11. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Blastocyst Diagram Princeton University

12. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Five Day Pre-Embryo http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/

13. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Human Clones? Are there human clones? Yes – Identical Twins (Time 2.19.01)

14. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Cloning Defined What is cloning? Asexual reproduction Examples? Bacteria, fungus Plants – cutting – potato Farm animals

15. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Asexual Reproduction The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

16. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Cloning Dolly 1997 - 2003 (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)

17. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Cloning A Sheep (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)

18. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Human Stem Cell Production

19. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Removing Nucleus Removing the maternal nucleus before nuclear transfer (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)

20. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Nuclear transfer Nuclear transfer embryo about to be activated (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)

21. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Cloning for use in Stem Cells Cloning techniques for creating stem cells Therapeutic cloning Reproductive cloning

22. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 IVF – In Vitro Fertilization  Available since 1986  About 100,000 IVF kids in U.S.  Often creates extra embryos  U.S. - About 400,000 frozen embryos (unregulated)  England – 52,000 (regulated by government)

23. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 What Americans Think From Research!America http://www.researchamerica.org/ Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005 July 10, 2005

24. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Do you think the U.S. is performing well or performing poorly compared to other nations in terms of science and math education? Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005 U.S. Performance in Science and Math Education

25. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005 A Majority of Americans Favor Embryonic Stem Cell Research Do you favor or oppose medical research using embryonic stem cells? 58% 29%

26. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005 A Majority of Americans Favor Research Using Donated Eggs from Fertility Clinics Scientists can extract embryonic stem cells from fertilized eggs that are voluntarily donated by fertility clinic patients. These fertilized eggs would otherwise be discarded. Knowing this, do you favor or oppose embryonic research?

27. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005 A Majority of Americans Favor Cloning Technology to Make Embryonic Stem Cells Scientists can now make embryonic stem cells for medical research by merging an unfertilized egg with a skin cell, for example. In other words, no fertilization takes place and there is no merger of egg and sperm. Knowing this, do you favor or oppose embryonic stem cell research?

28. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Taking Our Pulse: The PARADE/Research!America Health Poll Charlton Research Company, 2005 Therapeutic Cloning Should Be Allowed Therapeutic cloning is the use of cloning technology to help in the search for possible cures and treatments for diseases and disabilities. Do you think that research into therapeutic cloning should be allowed?

29. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 California Legislation  Law supports therapeutic cloning  $3 Billion bond measure to support stem cell research - 2004

30. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 National Regulation  2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research  Federal funding only for existing stem cell lines  Many consider inadequate

31. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 National Legislation  House of Representatives passed the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act (H.R. 810)  Senate is expected to consider it soon - corresponding bill (S.471)

32. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 International Legislation  South Korea – refined nuclear transfer or therapeutic cloning  China – supports research  Singapore – stem cell research a national priority  Israel – leaders stem cell disease  Great Britain – leader Dolly – active support of research  Japan – supports research

33. Stem Cells Sci Basics 01/23/06 Stem Cell - References Forum on Science Ethics and Policy (FOSEP – at UW) http://www.fosep.org/ The bioscience-bioethics friendship Co- operative http://www.bioscience-bioethics.org/portal.htm A Small Dose of Toxicology www.asmalldoseof.org