2. Organic Reactions

3. Combustion hydrocarbons readily react with O 2

4. combustion complete combustion: sufficient O 2 leads to only 2 products: CO 2 & H 2 O C 3 H 8 (g) + 5O 2 (g)  3CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(g) incomplete combustion: insufficient O 2 leads to various products formed: C, CO, CO 2 & H 2 O C 3 H 8 (g) + 2O 2 (g)  3C(s) + 4H 2 O(g)

5. Substitution replace one or more H’s in hydrocarbon with something else

6. C 2 H 6 + Cl 2  C 2 H 5 Cl + HCl H  C  C  H + Cl  Cl  H  C  C  H + HCl H H Cl start with saturated hydrocarbon replace H atom with another atom or group 2 2 products

7. Addition open up multiple bond(s) to add new atoms (ex: halogens) Subtraction creating multiple bond(s) by losing atoms (ex: remove halogens from halocarbon)

8. H  C=C  H + Cl  Cl  H  C  C  H reverse rxn would be sutraction H Cl H add across double or triple bond start with unsaturated hydrocarbon 1product ony: 1 saturated product C 2 H 4 + Cl 2  C 2 H 4 Cl 2

9. Esterification formation of ester: organic acid + alcohol  ester + water

10. H H = O H H H H 2 O H  C  C  O  C  C  C  H H 2 O = O HH HH H H H +  1-propanol + OHH H  C  C  OH HO  C  C  C  H   ethanoic acid    propyl ethanoate  water

11. Saponification make soap: fat + base  glycerol + soap

12. HCCCHHCCCH  O  C  C 17 H 35 HH HH HH NaOH + fat + base   (triglyceride) = O = O = O

13. H  C  OH  C  OH  C  OH  H HH HH HH + Na  O  C  C 17 H 35 == = O O O glycerol + soap (1,2,3 propanetriol)

14. Fermentation sugars broken down into alcohol + CO 2

15. enzyme is needed to break down sugars into alcohol + CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6  2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 zymase sugar ethanol carbon dioxide

16. What do protein in eggs, plastic in soda bottles, rubber in tires and teflon coating cookware have in common? polymersall are made up of giant molecules called polymers –poly means many –mers means parts

17. Polymers very large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units –analogy = chain consisting of many links masses can be > 1,000,000 amu monomer: small molecule from which polymer is made –starting material

18. Natural Polymers wool

19. silk

20. rubber

21. starch found in root plants corn starch

22. proteins

23. nucleic acids Nucleic acids are polymers formed by attaching monomers called nucleotides two nucleic acids: DNA & RNA nucleotides fall into two classes: purines & pyrimidines –purines: A & G –pyrimidines: T & C RNA has U instead of T

24. Synthetic Polymers plastics – polyethylene, PVC synthetic fibers – nylon, rayon, polyester rubber substitutes – polyurethane

25. Polymerization Reactions: chemical reactions that produce polymers revolutionized our everyday lives two reaction types: addition & condensation

26. 1.addition polymerization 1.addition polymerization: - start with unsaturated monomers - all - all reactants used up 1 saturated product formed

27. C=C     H H H H H H H H H H        C  C  C  C  C  C        H H H H H H n n  ethene (monomer) polyethylene (polymer) repeating segment

28. Polyethylene Varieties milk bottles detergent bottles oil bottles bottle caps plastic grocery bags shrink-wrap films sandwich bags toys

29. Polyethylene Products #1: PETE or PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) usually clear used for: soda bottles, water bottles, beer bottles, salad dressing containers, mouthwash bottles, and peanut butter containers known to allow bacteria to accumulate recycled into: tote bags, furniture, carpet, paneling, fiber, and polar fleece

30. Substituted Ethylenes H C=C H CH 3  H H H H H H H H  C  C  C  C  C  C  C  C  H  H  H  H  CH 3 indoor-outdoor carpet upholstery fabrics

31. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) H C=C H Cl  H H H H H H H H  C  C  C  C  C  C  C  C  H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl phonograph records, garden hoses, pipes replace all H ’ s with Cl & you get Saran wrap

32. Teflon F F C=C F F n  F F F F F F  C  C  C  C  C  C  F F F F F F

33. 2. Condensation Polymerization 2. Condensation Polymerization: –combine monomers containing 2 func groups –monomer has functional group at each end –loss of a small by-product, usually H 2 O

34. H H O  H H  O  C  C  O  H H H + H H  O  C  C  OH H H  H H H H H  O  C  C  O  C  C  O  H H H H H + H2OH2OH2OH2O

35. Nylon - 1935 HO  C  C  C  C  C  C  OH = = O O + NH 2  C  C  C  C  C  C  NH 2  CCCCCCNCCCCCCNCCCCCCNCCCCCCN = = OO  H  H n + H2O+ H2O

36. Congratulations !!!! You ’ re now finished with the required curriculum required curriculum !