1. ETHNICITY

2. Think and Discuss What is the difference between Race and Ethnicity?
How do YOU describe yourself in terms of race and ethnicity?

3. Ethnicity - Introduction
Ethnicity: group of people with a common identity based on a distinct but shared culture (i.e. common homeland, language, religion, or race).
Comes from Greek word “ethnos” which refers to a unique and cohesive group…i.e. us v. them

4. Ethnicity
Geographers are interested in where ethnicities are distributed across space
Ethnic groups are tied to a place
There is no globalizing ethnicity
Ethnicity is the strongest bulwark for preservation of local diversity – what does this mean?

5. Ethnicity v. Race Ethnicity and race not necessarily same thing
Race = genetic traits, biologically inherited physical characteristics
Ethnicity involves more than biological characteristics. May include that, but goes well beyond to include person’s social and cultural identity….i.e. people of same race can form many different ethnicities
Examples?
People of same race can form many different ethnicities examples – whites: How may different ethnic groups? Blacks in Africa?

6. Ethnicity
Ethnocentrism: one’s conviction of ethnic superiority (like racism for an ethnic group)
Ethnic groups usually have ties to a particular homeland – often leads to ethnic cleansing or violence to try to control piece of land
Ethnicity is strongest tie for local diversity against globalization. Even if globalization engulfs religion and language, ethnicity will likely remain
Do you agree?
Ethnocentrism: Do we still this this today world wide? In the US?
Will get more in depth later, but do you know where current ethnic conflicts are?

7. Ethnicity
Ethnic groups can be difficult to identify….usually self-identified. Do we see ourselves as a unique and cohesive group…i.e. us versus them?

8. Ethnic Distributions In United States: 13% African American
15% Hispanic - this has been a change in the past 5 years.
4% Asian American
1% American Indian
(white/Caucasian not an ethnicity)….why not?
Any group missing?
Any groups missing?

9. Where are Ethnicities distributed?
Ethnicities may be clustered in specific areas within a country, or the area it inhabits may closely match the boundaries of a country
Distribution in U.S.
Clustering on two scales
May live in particular region(s) of the country
May live in particular neighborhoods within cities
Two largest ethnicities
Hispanics (Latinos) – 15% of population
African Americans – 13% of population
Regional Concentrations
South: African Americans
Southwest: Hispanics
West: Asians (4%)
Mid-West: Native Americans (1%)
Have them think about density (we discussed this several chapter ago). If we say Hispanics make up 15% of the US population, is that evenly distributed? Where are they clustered?

11. As you look at the maps have them point out the clusters
As you look at the maps have them point out the clusters. Why are they located there?

14. Ethnic Clusters
Ethnic enclave: voluntary residential segregation based on ethnicity (i.e. ethnic neighborhoods…Hispanic barrios, China town, little Havana)
Do we have this in Loudoun County?

15. Race in the United States
Traits that characterize race are those that can be genetically transmitted from parents to children
Example:
Lactose intolerance in 95% Asian-Americans
Biological classification by race is the basis for racism
Idea that some races are superior to others
2000 census
White
Black, African American
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian Indian
Chinese
Filipino
Japanese
Korean
Vietnamese
Other Asian
Native Hawaiian
Guamanian
Samoan
Other Pacific Islander
Other race
Hispanic is Not considered a race!

16. Note that you can choose more than 1 race.

17. De Jure Segregation and de facto segregation
Legal such as Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws and Plessy versus Ferguson
Overturned by Brown v. BOE
Nelson Mandela in S. Africa
De Facto:
Just happens in terms of ethnic clustering and ethnic enclaves
Vienna DC
St. Louis
This is where I add in more anecdotal info – in Vienna there was one neighborhood where blacks lived – mainly based on old De Jure Segregation.

18. Segregation by Scale
Segregation can happen on 2 scales – within the region of a country or within neighborhoods of a city
Regional segregation U.S.
African Americans in South East and cities
Hispanics in South west
Asian Americans in west (Hawaii, CA)
Native Americans in SW and the plains

19. De Facto Segregation by Scale
Segregation within cities…..east side, west side, etc.
African Americans highly clustered in cities ¼ of all Americans live in cities, but ½ of all African Americans in cities)
Ex: Chicago = 1/3 African Americans, Ill 1/12 African Americans
Ex: Detroit = 4/5 African Americans, Michigan 1/14 African Americans
De Facto Segregation by scale is hyperlinked to a map. Click on it! This map is a dot map that shows ethnic populations. At a distance it looks as if we all live nicely together. But if you zoom in, you can see ethnic enclaves. If you scroll to the bottom of the website, you will get to COOPERS CENTERS WEBSITE. If you click on this and then click on Link to full map, you and the students can play with it. Click on Add Map Labels on the left to get place names. My idea was to have a student from each table choose a city and have the students predict how it would look. Then have the student come up to the board to manipulate it.(First I was going to go to Loudoun County to have them see our own areas). Thought about asking them if they would not live in a certain area . . .and why . . .

20. De Facto Segregation by Scale
Ghetto: when ethnic groups were forced to live in parts of city usually in crowded, undesirable areas. Term came from Middle Ages w/ forced Jewish neighborhoods.
De Facto Segregation by scale is hyperlinked to a map. Click on it! This map is a dot map that shows ethnic populations. At a distance it looks as if we all live nicely together. But if you zoom in, you can see ethnic enclaves. If you scroll to the bottom of the website, you will get to COOPERS CENTERS WEBSITE. If you click on this and then click on Link to full map, you and the students can play with it. Click on Add Map Labels on the left to get place names. My idea was to have a student from each table choose a city and have the students predict how it would look. Then have the student come up to the board to manipulate it.(First I was going to go to Loudoun County to have them see our own areas). Thought about asking them if they would not live in a certain area . . .and why . . .

21. Key Issue #2 Starts here!

22. Why have Ethnicities been transformed into nations?
Who is an American?
Have them discuss the Who is an American questions at their tables then as a whole class.
Have them watch the video Hyperlinked to who is an American. Discuss this video (it is the coke commerical where people are singing American the Beautiful in different languages)

23. Ethnicity transformed into Nationalities
Nationality: a group of people who share a legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country (is distinct from race and ethnicity, but often overlaps)
A Nation or nationality is a group of people tied together to a particular place through legal status and cultural traditions
i.e. we’re all American but different races and ethnicities

24. Rise of Nationalities United States: Nationality:
American – identifies citizens born in America or immigrants that have become citizens
Ethnicity:
identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural heritage
Example: African- American
Race:
distinguishes skin color
Genetic traits/ biological
NOT ALL AMERICANS IDENTIFY WITH AN ETHNICITY!!!
Ask if American should be considered an ethnicity or just a Nationality.

25. Nation-States
Nation-state: geo-political ideal - a state who’s territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality (i.e. Czech Republic, Japan)
To preserve and enhance distinctive cultural characteristics, ethnicities seek to govern themselves without interference
Self-determination: idea that ethnicity has right to govern themselves…has led to creation of new nation states and violence (i.e. Yugoslavia)
When did most of this happen?
During the 19th century

26. Denmark Denmark- good example of a nation-state Problems:
Territory occupied by Danish
Ethnicity corresponds to state of Denmark
Strong sense of unity
Derives from shared cultural characteristics
Shared culture and history more than 1,000 years
Speak same language
Problems:
Not 100% homogeneous
10% minorities
Turkish guest workers
Refugees from Yugoslavia
Denmark controls two territories that do not share Danish cultural characteristics
Faeroe Islands
Greenland

27. Nationalism A nationality must hold loyalty of citizens to survive
Governments try to instill loyalty through nationalism
Definition: loyalty and devotion to one’s nationality
Promoting symbols
Flags
Songs
anthems
Ex: Hammer and sickle of Communism
Holidays (legal)
Media
Can both promote and hinder nationalism
Independent source or government controlled
Sense of unity sometimes created through negative images of other nation-states
Can lead to conflict
Nationalism an example of centripetal force.
Definition: an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
“directed toward the center”
Opposite of centrifugal force
“To spread out from center”

28. In reality…nation states are rare
Multi-nation states: a country that contains 2 or more ethnic groups w/ traditions of self-determination that agree to co-exist and share power peacefully
UK w/ 4 nationalities (Eng, Scot, Wales, N Ire)
Russia = largest multi-nation state w/ 39
United States
Canada – French and English speaking provinces

29. In reality, nation states are rare...
Multi –State Nations:
When a cohesive ethnic group is scattered among different countries
- Kurds
- Jews
- Serbs in Austro-Hungarian empire

30. Resurgence of Ethnic Identity
Last 20 yrs has seen resurgence of ethnic identity. During Cold War, Comm. dominated E. Eur and repressed ethn and cultural differences. After fall of Comm ethnicity rebounded- led to breakup of several states and ethnic violence
Ex: Yugoslavia – ethnic cleansing
USSR – dismantled along ethnic lines
Czechoslovakia (Velvet Divorce)
All divided along cultural/ethnic divides

31. Multi-Ethnic States Multi-Ethnic State:
contains more than one ethnicity
Sometimes all ethnicities contribute to cultural to create a single nationality
Example: United States
Has numerous ethnic groups, all of whom consider themselves as belonging to the American nationality

32. End of Key Issue #2

33. Ethnic Violence
Over 90% of world’s countries contain more than 1 ethnicity, all countries share borders w/ other ethnicities, and many otherwise cohesive ethnic groups have been artificially divided by political boundaries (i.e. nation state is rare ideal)
Sub Sahara Africa and Balkans esp plagued w/ ethnic violence (lots of ethnicities and country boundaries don’t match) – Scramble for Africa imposed boundaries across ethnic/tribal groups

34. Examples of Ethnic Violence
Ethiopia and Eritrea yr civil war, 665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan
Sudan – civil war since 1980s
Black Christian rebels in South V. Arab Muslim govn’t forces in North
Oppressive fundamentalist govn’t
Over 2 mill dead, 1 mill refuges

35. Examples of ethnic violence
Somalia: 6 major ethnic groups (clans)
Govnt collapse in 1990s, war betwn clans for power vacuum
Famine, 300,000 dead, refugees
US sent in troops (Black Hawk Down)

36. Africa –
Locate…
Sudan
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Rwanda
Burundi
Somalia
S. Africa

37. Examples of Ethnic Violence
Lebanon 60% Muslim, 30% Christian, 10% other
Militant Muslim sect – Hezbollah
Civil war
Kurds – ethn divided among several states (25 mill divided betwn 6 countries) – multi state nation
Fought for ind in Turkey and Iraq

38. Examples of Ethnic Violence
Great Migration – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
British leave in 1847, ethnic fight
Hindus – India, Muslims – E.W. Pakistan
India has hundreds of lang and ethnic groups and Hinduism has been centripetal force
@ 17 mill moved – some killed by extremists on both sides
Still fight over Kashmir – in the north

40. Examples of Ethnic Violence
Sri Lanka – Sinhalese V. Tamils
60,000 dead since fighting began in 1983
Sinhalese – 74% Buddhist in S.
Tamils – 18% Hindus in N.
Tamils feel discriminated against, ongoing fighting

42. Ethnic Cleansing
In worst cases ethnic violence can lead to ethnic cleansing – process by which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes less powerful ethnic group in order to create ethnic homogeneity. Can be achieved by..
Forced migration - push out, burn homes, destroy towns
Genocide: premeditated effort to kill all from certain ethnic group (Holocaust)

43. Yugoslav Map

44. Yugoslavia – the Balkans
Yug had 5 ethnicities – Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Montenegrins
Communist – Josip Tito subdued ethnic animosities, forged Yugoslav identity…fireball erupts after Tito’s death & fall of Comm (1980s)
Croats helped Nazi Germans round up and kill Serbs during WW II
Tito – at right – held
Yugoslavia together
for several decades

45. Yugoslavia – Cont’d
Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia – 40% Muslim, 32% Serb, 18% Croat – Serbs and Croats want to join with Crotia and Serbia. To strengthen claim, ethnically cleanse Bosnian Muslims.
Kosovo: S. province of Serbia and Montenegro was 90% Albanian. Serbs use ethnic cleansing to push Albanians off land into nation of Albania. US and NATO bombed Serbia and forced Serbia to withdraw from Kosovo.

46. Yugoslavia – cont’d
At left Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic – charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Died of a heart attack while awaiting trial at the Hague

47. Yugoslavia - contd Results of ethnic violence
Bosnian Serbs = 33% pop got 50% country
Bosnian Croats = 18% pop got 25%country
Bosnian Muslims = 44% pop got 27% country
Balkanization – the breakdown of a state through ethnic conflict – i.e. shatterbelt

48. E. Europe After Fall of Comm
USSR –
dismantled
Czechoslovakia
velvet divorce
Yugoslavia –
split
Balkanization
All ethnic
divisions

49. Ethnic Cleansing Rwanda and Burundi Hutus V. Tutsi
Tutsi – minority but treated better under colonial rule (lighter skin, taller, got govnt jobs and education)
Independence – Hutu majority ethnically cleanse Tutsi minority
Spirals into civil war…million dead, millions of refugees

51. GENDER
Gender: cultural reference to socially created distinctions (not biological) between masculinity – femininity
Gender Equity women’s welfare (i.e. education, health care, career, social roles, political power, etc.) Women’s welfare lags far behind in much of the world

52. Measures of Gender Equity
Infanticide: killing babies (usually girls)
Enfranchisement: political power, voting rights
Dowry Death: dowry is gift from bride’s family to groom’s (India). Substantial monetary gifts often expected. If groom’s family not satisfied w/ gift, may cast bride out or kill her.

53. Measures of Gender Equity
Maternal Mortality Rate: # of maternal deaths per 1,000 births
Single greatest health disparity betwn MDCs and LDCs
WHO – 530,000 women die each yr from pregnancy related causes (99% of these in LDCs)
Leading causes – pregnancy complications, abortions, delivery
1 in 16 women in Af die from maternal causes
These deaths are preventable – malnutrition, lack of prenatal care, etc.