1. Ch:16 Reconstruction and the New South

2. 16:2 The Battle Over Reconstruction

3. 8.83 Analyze the choice of Andrew Johnson as Vice- President, his succession to the Presidency, his plan for Reconstruction and his conflict with the Radical Republicans. 8.86 Trace the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and vigilante justice, including its role in Tennessee. 8.90 Describe the major developments in Tennessee during the Reconstruction Era, including the Constitutional Convention of 1870, the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 and the election of African-Americans to the General Assembly. Standards:

4. Explain why conflicts developed over plans for Reconstruction. Describe the changes in the South brought about by Radical Reconstruction. Explain how Congress tried to remove President Johnson from office. Describe how the Ku Klux Klan and other secret societies tried to prevent African Americans from exercising their rights. Objectives:

5. Andrew Johnson – Vice President who became President when Lincoln was assassinated Hiram Revels – an African American senator Blanche Bruce – an African American senator Terms and People

6. scalawag – southern whites who had opposed secession carpetbagger – a northern white who went south to start a business or pursue political office Terms and People

7. Terms and People (continued) impeachment – bringing of formal charges against a public official black codes – new laws used by southern states to control African Americans

8. How did disagreements over Reconstruction lead to conflicts in government and in the South? President Andrew Johnson and Congress disagreed over plans for Reconstruction. This led to a battle for power between Congress and the Presidency.

9. Like Lincoln, President Johnson proposed a less demanding plan for Reconstruction. He gave amnesty to most former Confederates. He allowed southern states to organize new governments and elect Congressmen.

10. Johnson required states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. This amendment abolished slavery and forced labor. The 13th Amendment gave Congress the power to make laws to enforce its terms. Slavery

11. Congress rejected Johnson’s lenient approach and began to debate a new plan. Anger over these developments led Radical Republicans in Congress to adopt a hard line. To sidestep the abolishment of slavery, some Southerners supported black codes, a system of near-slavery.

12. The struggle over Reconstruction led to direct clashes between the President and Congress. Johnson vetoed the bill. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans. Congress overturned the veto. It became law.

13. The 14 th Amendment. The 14 th amendment was not fully enforced until the 1970s. Next, Congress passed the 14 th Amendment. All people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens. States must allow all males over 21 to vote.

14. President Andrew Johnson majority of white men must swear oath of loyalty states must ratify 13 th Amendment former Confederate officials may vote and hold office Radical Republicans state governments must disband states must write new constitutions states must ratify 13 th and 14 th Amendments must allow African American men to vote Which side pushed for stricter controls of the new states?

15. They passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. To return to the Union, southern states had to: write a new state constitution ratify the 14 th Amendment allow African Americans to vote Radical Republicans won enough support to begin a series of reforms known as Radical Reconstruction. http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction

16. The act imposed military rule on states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment, dividing them into five military districts. Notice that Tennessee was not in a military district because it had already been readmitted into the Union.

17. Radical Reconstruction brought about many improvements: Southern states opened their first public schools. Taxes and voting rules became more fair for all citizens. Legislators granted women property rights. States rebuilt bridges, roads, and buildings.

18. For the first time in American history, African Americans in the South played an active role in politics. African Americans were elected to local and state- wide offices. Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce became the nation’s first African American senators. Hiram Revels

19. The Republican Party built a strong following during this time, based on three groups. Freedmen voters. Scalawags, or southern whites who had opposed secession. Carpetbaggers, or northern whites who came to work in the South. 1 2 3

20. The Radicals tried to remove President Johnson from office by impeachment. Johnson received just enough votes to stay in office. Then, General Ulysses S. Grant won the 1868 presidential election. Radical Republican power peaked in 1868. Grant was a moderate, so the Radicals began to lose power.

21. In 1869, Congress approved the 15 th Amendment. Secret societies such as the Ku Klux Klan used terror and violence to keep African Americans from voting. States had to allow African Americans to vote.

22. Ku Klux Klan Some whites were so angry at the change in the slaves status, that they resorted to violence. 1.The “Klan” was first created in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee. The first leader or “Grand Wizard” was former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest. 2. The primary targets of Klan violence were African Americans. The violence was to intimidate the African Americans and prevent them from voting or enacting change in southern society. 3.The Klan also targeted white Republicans who came to the South and were known as carpetbaggers and scalawags.

23. Ku Klux Klan in Tennessee In 1866 a quarrel broke out between whites and black ex-soldiers. The argument erupted into an all out riot and white police officers assisted the mob as they rampaged through African American neighborhoods. When the violence ended, 46 people were dead and 70 more were wounded. Numerous churches and schools had been burned. This event is now known as the Memphis Massacre.

24. Although Reconstruction guaranteed rights to more Americans, huge challenges still remained. Congress passed laws barring the use of force against African American voters. Klan violence took hundreds of lives during the election of 1868. Congress responded to Klan violence in the 1870s.

25. Constitutional Convention of 1870 In 1870, Tennessee’s latest constitution was written. 1.This constitution did not attempt to keep African Americans from being able to vote legally.(The Ku Klux Klan was doing this with threats of violence.) 2.This new constitution contained several provisions which would weaken the power of the Radical Republicans. 3.The first governor elected under the new constitution was a former Confederate, and member of the Ku Klux Klan.

26. Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878 1.Yellow Fever is carried by mosquitos. Unfortunately, people didn’t learn it was transmitted by mosquitos until the early 1900s. 2.Memphis was in a swampy area and mosquitos were unchecked. 3.The 1 st outbreak occurred in 1828. Several more epidemics occurred before 1878. 4.In 1878 17,000 people were stricken with the disease. 5,000 people died, and thousands more people left the city. 5.So many people left the city that the state legislature revoked the city’s charter. It was governed by the state as a Taxing District until 1893 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG_s93gj-ts

27. Election of African Americans to the Tennessee General Assembly 1.The first African American men were elected to Tennessee’s legislature in 1872. 2.Most of the 14 men who were elected were former slaves. 3.Unfortunately, when the 45 th General Assembly ended in March of 1887, it would not be until 1965 that another African American would again be elected to the state legislature.