1. A bit of BTF history Paolo Valente on behalf of the BTF team 22/5/2003 First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014

2. The beginning 2 Originally foreseen in the DAFNE complex: F. Sannibale and G. Vignola, DAFNE technical note LC-2/1991

3. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 The concept 3 The original idea of the BTF was already to have two distinct operation modes: a)Single particle mode b)Full extraction of the primary beam The idea was to use the LINAC beam only when not injecting, thus sharing the same transfer line to the damping ring

4. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF operation modes Starting from 10 7 -10 10 (10 9 ) electrons (positrons) from the DAFNE LINAC, with E max =550/750 MeV and  t=1.5-40 ns, it operates mainly in two different intensity regimes: -High intensity: primary beam driven to the experimental hall, between 250 MeV and E max, tuned with collimators -Single particle/bunch (Poisson distribution) between few tens of MeV and E max, created intercepting the beam with a variable depth Cu target, selecting the energy and collimating. Intermediate intensity (<10 5 particles/bunch) is also achievable with target at low energy [Primary beam fixed to E=510 MeV and  t=10 ns during operations of DAFNE collider] 1% momentum resolution Spot size down to 2×2 mm 2, 2 mrad divergence S-band gives 2856 MHz micro-bunching

5. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2002: commissioning 5 Lead/scintillating fiber “spaghetti” calorimeter, read by a single PMT Scintillator palettes read on both sides for beam “centering” The first BTF team: G. Mazzitelli, P. Valente G. Mazzitelli et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 515 516 (2003)

6. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2003: start with users 6 First test-beam: A tile calorimeter calibration (users provided tracker also shown) Full commitment of Accelerator Division and DAFNE operations

7. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2003: improve BTF equipment 7 Already available:  a basic DAQ system (ADC, TDC, scaler) with single board computer and data logging  Motorized table  Gas lines  Consoles for beam control Added:  KLOE calorimeter prototype (14 cells, 5 samples) for low energy monitoring  Cerenkov quartz counter for high intensity monitor  Start building a scintillating fiber “hodoscope” KLOE calorimeter 80 MeV electrons

8. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2004: scintillating fiber 2D profile detector 8 x and y views made up by 4 layers of scintillating fibers, 1 mm diameter, read by 16 channels multi-anode PMT’s Integrated in the BTF DAQ Still in use for real-time monitoring of beam size and position M. Anelli et al., LNF-04/24(IR)

9. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 9 DC dipole 3° Pulsed dipole 3° 3-way beam pipe LINAC spectrometer (1 bunch/s) BTF line To/from damping ring 2004 upgrade: an independent BTF line

10. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2004 upgrade: an independent BTF line 10 2006: DC/pulsed power converter Ramp up <10 ms Flat top [5, 960 ms] 3-way beam-pipe

11. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 11 2004 upgrade: an independent BTF line Added new slits for vertical collimation after energy selection (for better beam definition): SLTB03 Added new slits for horizontal collimation before the energy selection (for improving the resolution): SLTB02 Target moved to the BTF line Final layout:

12. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 12 2005: photon tagging dipole magnet silicon tagging target silicon detectors Be window Bremsstrahlung photon Incoming electron Designed and built in close collaboration with the AGILE team, with the main purpose ot the scientific payload calibration: Silicon trackers + calorimeter

13. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2005: photon tagging 13 Silicon tagging detectors Silicon tagging target

14. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2005: AGILE payload calibration 14 AGILE calibration mini-workshop: http://agile.rm.iasf.cnr.it/mwsp-LNF.html 10100200500 MeV2050 400× Crab Nebula

15. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2006: new beam pipe 15 Thinned Al walls for better photon tagging New exit (Kapton) windows

16. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From 2008: neutron studies 16 As by-product of FLUKA studies: design of target shielding for reducing the background

17. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2010: n@BTF 17  Number of neutrons proportional to the electron beam power: P = rate×energy =[N×f]×E N = number of particles per bunch (let’s consider 1×10 10 ) f = frequency (up to 49 Hz) E = beam energy (usually 510, up to 800) Maximum power: 40 W at 510 MeV  From Swanson’s empirical formula  10 11 n/s for Tungsten  -20% on Lead, +50% on Uranium 500 MeV

18. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 n@BTF 18 Simulated and designed an optimized target (W cylinder d=70 mm, l=60 mm) and shielding system (lead and polyethylene) Measurements of the neutron field (Bonner spheres) and of the photon background in good agreement with simulations 1 MeV 100 MeV 1 keV 10 eV Isolethargic fluence

19. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 n@BTF 19 At 1.5 m distance: Total neutron flux: 8×10 -7 n/cm 2 /pr ±3% Flux = 4.5×10 5 n/cm 2 /s Equivalente dose = 45 mSv/h d (m) ×10 -7 n/cm 2 /pr 0.558 115 1.58 d (m) ×10 -5  /cm 2 /pr 0.563 15.7 1.51 At 1.5 m distance Total photon flux = 1×10 6  /cm 2 /s With 1.1×10 11 n in the target: -8.8×10 8 n/cm 2 /s exiting from the target -1.87×10 10  /cm 2 /s exiting from the target More measurements planned in 2014: charged particles? (pions, protons, alpha, …)

20. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 2011-2014: AIDA BTF beam-line equipped with: –Remotely controlled 2-axis trolley, fully operational –GEM tracker for precise measurement of beam position and size (in 1 coordinate: 100  m resolution only along the drift), fully integrated and operational –Multi-purpose DAQ for the users, sensors, diagnostics, rad. monitors, etc. [see next slides on facility improvements] Calibration with LYSO calorimeter (5×5 matrix) for precise energy measurement and particle counting at low energy 20 Beam energy spread from comparison of 1 electron and N electron energy resolution

21. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF users: Test of detectors/1 -Calorimeters:  Homogenous/crystals: CMS upgrade, Graal, Belle-II, KLOE-2, Linear collider, CLAS12, Gamma-400;  Sampling: Mu2E, KLOE-2, AMS, DAFNE-LUMI, Linear collider, Mambo, NA62, MICE, BES-III;  Cerenkov: DREAM, NA62 -Gas detectors:  GEM/Micromegas: ATLAS muon upgrade, LHCb, UA9, Siddharta, KLOE-2;  Drift chamber/tubes: Super-B, MEG2, TPS;  RPC: ARGO-YBJ, Linear collider; -Silicon/diamond detectors:  Microstrip:  AGILE, Insubria;  Pixel:  CMS upgrade, ALICE ITS upgrade, Linear collider, MIMOSA 21

22. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 KLOE-2 cylindrical GEM inner tracker 22

23. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 BTF users: Test of detectors/2 -Scintillating/Fluorescence detectors: MEG, timing counter, MEG2, timing counter upgrade; neutron detection, NRCA, beam diagnostics;  Fiber-trackers: MEG2, BES-III, Plasmon-X (Sparc-lab),  Fluorescence chamber: AIRFLY (Auger); -Cerenkov detectors:  RICH: LHCb, AIACE, CLAS12;  Threshold: UA9 -Nuclear emulsion: OPERA 23

24. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 Experiments @ BTF: RAP Study of thermo-acustic effect on cryogenic resonant antenna due to charged particles (background to GW detectors like Nautilus) Runs in 2003, 2005 and 2009 24

25. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 Experiments @ BTF: AIRFLY 25 2003: first run Fluorescence yield relative to Cerenkov 2008: Absolute fluorescence yield measurement

26. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 Experiments @ BTF: AMY 26 10 ns

27. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 Experiments @ BTF: emittance measurement 27 Measured emittance @ 508 MeV:  =4 mm  =1.7 mrad  ( 2 2  2 )=4 mm  mrad

28. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From… to… 28 From analog readout of flags To digital camera acquisition From scope readout of WCM To full WCM acquisition and logging

29. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From… to… 29 From very rough alignment systemsTo laser reference line From heavy, inaccurate table To precise, PC controlled, 2-axis trolley (AIDA project)

30. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From… to… 30 From generic supports To precision support and positioning system

31. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 From… to… 31 From 2 mm Aluminum exit flange…… to Kapton window (poor vacuum)… … to 0.5 mm Beryllium window (high vacuum)

32. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 And in addition… 32 Horizontal 4 cm 5 cm Front Vertical 5 cm TopSide 4 cm GEM time-projection chamber for precision spot measurement (AIDA project)

33. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 And in addition… 33 Medipix detector for precision spot measurement 1.5 cm

34. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 And in addition… 34 Neutron/gamma real-time monitoring station in the BTF control room Neutron monitor in the BTF hall

35. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 Looking back at these 12 years 35  First of all, an excellent base for the BTF success was the smart idea of a test-beam using the DAFNE LINAC when not injecting  The biggest step in beam-time efficiency has been the splitting of the BTF line from the damping ring injection, allowing the selection of single bunches:  No dead time for switching the line from/to BTF delivery  Possibility of using (a few) bunches also during injections  The key elements of the BTF success:  Flexibility of the beam parameters  Diagnostics and control of the beam  Continuous improvement of the facility tools

36. First BTF Users Workshop – Frascati, 6 th and 7 th May, 2014 Where do we go from here? 36 We hope this will be an outcome of this Workshop, with the help of all BTF stakeholders