1. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

2. Agenda Read: Intro, Section 1, Section 2, Section 3, Section 4 Answer: 1. What is spontaneous generation and what was Pasteur’s role in disproving it? 2. What is “staining” and how can it be used to identify bacteria? 3. What was Jenner’s breakthrough? 4. What is immunity?

3. Design an Experiment Design an experiment that will test for the best handwashing technique or antibacterial soap (choose one- remember, a good experiment only has one independent variable). In your design, include: 1.Hypothesis 2.Variables– independent and dependent 3.Constants 4.Materials needed 5.Procedure 6.Data collection methods 7.Data analysis plan

4. Trade Notebooks… Trade notebooks with someone not sitting at your table Read over the other person’s experimental design Be a critical friend– provide feedback Is this a realistic experiment? Make suggestions Is there only one independent variable?

5. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You What is Microbiology? Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. What are some examples of microbes? Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples! Some are pathogenic “Germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell. Notebook this!!

6. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You What is Microbiology? Microbes: Decompose organic waste Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread

7. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You What is Microbiology?

8. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You What is Microbiology? Knowledge of Microbes allows humans to Prevent food spoilage Prevent disease occurrence Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories. Notebook this!!

9. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth. Notebook this!!

10. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology The first microbes were observed in 1673. In 1665, Robert Hooke (Englishman) reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells. Notebook this!!

11. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology 1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

12. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Many believed spontaneous generation: life can arise from non-living matter In 1668, the Italian physician Francesco Redi performed an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation. Can you think of an experiment that could disprove spontaneous generation? Notebook this!!

13. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology ConditionsResults 3 jars covered with fine net No maggots 3 open jarsMaggots appeared From where did the maggots come? What was the purpose of the sealed jars? Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.

14. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Rudolf Virchow (German) presented biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells. (cell theory) Notebook this!!

15. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology So now there are two hypotheses: The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force” forms life. The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.

16. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air. ConditionsResults Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed Microbial growth Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed No microbial growth Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? Notebook this!!

17. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Next experiment, Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. These experiments form the basis of aseptic technique

18. Notebook Check Friday (2/15) So far, you should have… Answers to questions 1-4 from today’s reading Your experimental design Feedback from your “critical friend” on your design Notes from today

19. Warm-up (in notebook) What is a pathogen? What foods can you think of that contain microbes?

20. Microscopes EVERYONE needs their own microscope Carry with one hand on the bottom, the other on the arm

21. Observing Prepared Slides Choose 2 prepared slides– write down the name of these slides next to your pictures and descriptions Look at these slides under a microscope Draw the shapes that you see (circular, rod) Describe the slides using words as well IF a scope is being shared, both people are still recording info in their notebooks COMPLETE IN NOTEBOOK!!!!!!

22. Staining Onion Cells Obtain a small section of onion Prepare a slide using water Stain the onion using methylene blue OR safranin (one at a time– not together. After staining with one chemical, prepare a new slide using the other if you would like) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXA gbSzEADQ

23. Questions– in notebook 1. What did staining the onion cells do? 2. Did the safranin (or the methylene blue) make observing the cells easier? 3. How do you think that staining works?

24. Observing bacteria Follow the instructions for observing bacteria cultures in yogurt Answer all questions as best you can (we have not done notes yet) Record questions that you have Repeat ALL the steps using vinegar, cream, and sour cream instead of yogurt Write a report on what you did today– what did you see? How did you see it? COMPLETE IN NOTEBOOK!!!! (Use Greek AND Yoplait– compare)

25. Questions– in notebook 1. How do you think bacteria can spoil food? 2. How are we able to ingest bacteria and not get sick? 3. Why is the shape of bacteria noted?

26. Exit Ticket What would you like to know concerning bacteria? Explain how the following scientists contributed to the development of microbiology: Redi Hooke Pasteur Explain spontaneous generation and how it differs from biogenesis. What does “aseptic” mean?

27. Warm-up (notebook) What is a germ? How do you think that germs are spread?

28. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Classification of Microbes Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying organisms

29. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Classification of Microbes Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Binomal Nomenclature uses the Genus and Species name to identify each creature.

30. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Classification of Microbes Taxonomic Hierarchy Each name is Latinized There is a specific way to write each name. Homo sapiens The first word is capitalized Name is in italics Homo sapiens H. sapiens

31. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

34. Bacteria (or Eubacteria) Most abundant on earth They are nitrogen fixers and recycle carbon No membrane bound organelles

35. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Archaea Methanogens Halophiles Hyperthermophiles

36. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Classification of Microbes

37. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Eukaryotic species: A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves Prokaryotic species: A population of cells with similar characteristics Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone Viral species: Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche Classification of Microbes

38. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Classification of Microbes

39. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Let’s examine some microbes Paramecium caudatum Euglena acus Peridiniumis - a dinoflagellate Classification of Microbes

40. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Microbes and Human Disease Bacteria were once classified as plants which gave rise to use of the term flora for microbes. This term has been replaced by microbiota. Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota.

41. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology The Golden Age of Microbiology 1857-1914 Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

42. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).

43. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization. Notebook this!!

44. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology The Germ Theory of Disease 1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus. 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan. 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.

45. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology The Germ Theory of Disease 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.

46. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology The Germ Theory of Disease 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. Koch was a physician and Pasteur’s young rival Notebook this!!

47. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Koch's Postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease. Notebook this!!

48. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Koch's Postulates are a sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease. Notebook this!!

49. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology A young milkmaid informed the physician Edward Jenner that she could not get smallpox because she had already been sick from cowpox. 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox. Called vaccination from vacca for cow The protection is called immunity

50. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology What can you say about the cowpox and smallpox viruses? CowpoxSmallpox

51. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Vaccinations produced from avirulent (not infectious) microbial strains produced from live viruses produced from viral particles Notebook this!!

52. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Chemotherapy – treatment with chemicals Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.

53. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology Chemotherapy – treatment with chemicals 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis. 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.

54. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You History of Microbiology 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.

55. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Modern Developments Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Mycology is the study of fungi. Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.

56. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Classification of Microbes Taxonomy Systematics or phylogeny The study of the evolutionary history of organisms All Species Inventory (2001-2025) To identify all species of life on Earth

57. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Classification of Microbes Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dumb Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares

58. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Microbes and Human Disease Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens. Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K. Resistance is the ability of the body to ward off disease. Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals.

59. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Microbes and Human Disease When a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results. Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID): New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

60. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Major Taxonomic Groups of Bacteria per Bergey’s manual Gracilicutes – gram-negative cell walls, thin- skinned Firmicutes – gram-positive cell walls, thick skinned Tenericutes – lack a cell wall & are soft Mendosicutes – archaea, primitive procaryotes with unusual cell walls & nutritional habits

61. species –a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly strain or variety – a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) type – a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).

62. species –a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly strain or variety – a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) type – a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).