2.  LEARN HOW TO DO CORNELL NOTES  TEKS: C.1.M.  Examine historical significance in medicine  C.1.E.  Report on advancements in modern medicine (oral presentation)  C.11.A-B  Summarize the use of technology in the advancement of medicine

3.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtW9IyE 04OQ

4. Table of Contents Lessons 1. Ancient Times 2. Middle Ages and Renaissance 3. Industrial Revolution and Modern Era

5. Table of Contents  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7VU_I- 4I5g

6. Table of Contents  4000 to 3000 BC  People believed that illness was caused by supernatural beings.  Several herbs and plants were used as medicine.

7. Table of Contents  Egyptians – 3000 BC ▫Magic and religion ▫Conservative physicians ▫Imhotep  Babylonians – 2000 BC ▫Similar to Egyptians ▫Physicians are paid for services  Both cultures had poor sanitation and hygiene.

8. Table of Contents  Hindus – 1500 BC ▫Hospitals and Nurses ▫Many types of surgeries ▫Knowledge of drugs ▫Sewers  Chinese – 3000 BC  The belief to cure the spirit and nourish the body ▫Documented over 1000 medical herbs ▫Acupuncture

9. Table of Contents  2000 to 400 BC  Hippocrates ▫Father of Medicine ▫Observation and Note- taking ▫Hippocratic Oath ▫established the importance of nutrition and cleanliness in preventing illness and disease  Aristotle ▫Anatomy

10. Table of Contents  200 BC to 500 AD  Claudius Galen ▫Ignored the practice of patient observation ▫Four body fluids ▫Many flawed theories  Established superior drainage systems and set up public hospitals

11. Table of Contents  causes of disease had not been discovered and many illnesses proved to be fatal  542 AD – First episode of the bubonic plague.  Rome is overthrown by barbarians, and the study of medicine is forbidden.  People return to religion, magic, and folklore to cure disease.

12. Table of Contents  Interest in the medical practices of the Greeks and Romans  An outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1300s resulted in the death of 75% of the people in Europe and Asia  Medical universities were established in the 9th century  Many medical discoveries were made during the ancient time period. However, the era ended just as it began.  The majority of people who lived in the ancient world believed that sickness was directly linked to a supernatural being.  They believed that sickness could only be cured through obedience, prayer, and religious rites.

13. Table of Contents  800 to 1300 AD  Moslem Arab Empire ▫Pharmacology ▫Rhazes  First medical school  Common people are treated by barber surgeons.

14. Table of Contents  1347 to 1352 AD  Second episode of the bubonic plague  Over one-third of Europe’s population died.  Many Europeans challenge the belief that religion is the cure for disease.

15. Table of Contents  Time period between 1350– 1650 AD  Otherwise known as the “rebirth of the science of medicine”  Human dissection to view body organs  Medical books were published  Causes of disease were still a mystery1350 to 1700 AD  Many Europeans reject their commitment to religion.  Andreas Vesalius published the first human anatomy book.

16. Table of Contents  Reason and intellect had replaced religion and superstition in the medical field.  Typical life span was about 40 years.

17. Table of Contents  Knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased  Invention of the microscope  Apothecaries (early pharmacists) were involved in the making, prescribing, and selling of medications  Smallpox vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner

18. Table of Contents  1700 and 1800’s  Industrial revolution with the development of machines brought major progress to medical science  Rene’ Laennec - Invention of stethoscope  Theodor Fledner – started Training programs for nurses  Infection control with methods to stop the spread of disease  Advances in chemistry and physics  Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization.  Joseph Lister develops methods of medical asepsis.

19. Table of Contents  1778 - John Hunter inserts a feeding tube into a patient.  1820 -Florence Nightingale – Founder of Modern Nursing  1821 – Elizabeth Blackwell – became 1 st female physician in US  1822 – Gregor Mendel - disc. heredity  1843 – Robert Koch – “Father of Microbiology” & identified pathogens that cause TB.  Paul Ehrlich – acid-fast stain and developed cure for syphillis  1881- Clara Barton – Founded the American Red Cross  1892 – Dimitri Ivanofski – disc. Viruses  1895 – Wilhelm Roentgen – discovered roentgenograms (X-rays)

20. Table of Contents  1900 to Present  1932 – Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.  First open-heart surgery  Computer technology in every aspect of health care  Unlimited possibilities for medical science in the future

21. Table of Contents  Francis Crick and James Watson discover DNA.  Organ transplants become successful.  Infertile couples have children through in vitro fertilization.  Childhood vaccinations eliminate many viral diseases.

22. Table of Contents  Human genome project  Embryonic stem cell research  Threat of bioterrorism with the use biologic agents as weapons  Viruses that can cause pandemic (world-wide) epidemics

23. Table of Contents  Health insurance plans were developed in the 1920’s.  Medicare and Medicaid.  to help elderly people and low- income families pay for health care  Hospitals were organized into specialized units.  emergency rooms, intensive care units, and pediatric units. Private clinics were also opened to help care for certain illnesses.

24. Table of Contents  The future of medicine is full of promise.  Medical innovations should be explored with caution.  Health care workers must stay open- minded and flexible.

25. Table of Contents  Purpose: control the rising cost of health care and achieve maximum benefit for every dollar spent  Necessity: costs increasing with technological advances, improved survival rates, aging population, and health- related lawsuits  METHODS: ◦ Diagnostic related groups (DRGs) ◦ Combination of services ◦ Outpatient services ◦ Mass or bulk purchasing ◦ Early intervention and preventive services ◦ Energy conservation

26. Table of Contents  Important not to decrease quality of care  Workers can decrease costs (e.g., look for areas to control costs and avoid waste, keep expenditures down)  Consumers can decrease costs (e.g., take responsibility for their own care, follow preventive measures to decrease need for services, use services appropriately)

27. Table of Contents  Industry grew rapidly when DRGs initiated  Services provided in patient’s home  Visits must be pre-authorized by insurance agency (unless private pay)  Often necessary to teach family members to perform care since visits are limited  Emphasis on cost containment also applies to home health

28. Table of Contents  Care for the elderly  Percentage of elderly population growing rapidly  Need for more facilities  Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987 ◦ Federal law regarding long-term care and home health care

29. Table of Contents  Use of audio, video, and computers to provide health care from a distance  Interactive services are expected to grow rapidly in the future  Increases accessibility to information  Decreases need for trip to medical center  Decreases need for home health visits

30. Table of Contents  State of optimal health  Increase awareness of maintaining health and preventing disease  Emphasis on preventative measures rather than waiting for need for curative intervention  Different facilities will develop to meet needs of wellness emphasis PROMOTED BY:  Physical wellness  Emotional wellness  Social wellness  Mental and intellectual wellness  Spiritual wellness

31. Table of Contents  Treat the whole body, mind, and spirit  Each person is unique with different needs  Use many methods to diagnose and treat  Emphasis on protection and restoration  Promote body’s natural healing processes  Patient responsible for choosing care and worker respects the choice

32. Table of Contents  Increasingly used to replace or supplement traditional medical treatment  Holistic approach: belief that the effect on one part effects the whole person  Based on belief that the person has a life force or energy that can be used in the healing process  May vary by cultural values or beliefs  Practitioners ◦ Ayurvedic ◦ Chinese medicine ◦ Chiropractors ◦ Homeopaths ◦ Hypnotists ◦ Naturopaths

33. Table of Contents  Refer to Table 1-8 in text  Most are noninvasive and holistic  Often less expensive than the more traditional treatments  Nonjudgmental attitude is essential— patients have right to choose treatment  Increased use requires increased awareness by health care workers

34. Table of Contents  Goal: ensure that all Americans can get health coverage  Various plan proposals  Costs  Potential problems

35. Table of Contents  Outbreak of disease over a wide geographic area  Influenza pandemics have occurred throughout history  H5N1 viruses—avian flu virus  Viruses can mutate and also exchange genetic information

36. Table of Contents  Government plans  Education  Vaccine production  Antiviral drugs  Developing protective health measures  International cooperation

37. Table of Contents  One of the oldest binding documents in history, the Oath written by Hippocrates is still held sacred by physicians: to treat the ill to the best of one's ability, to preserve a patient's privacy, to teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation, and so on.  There are many versions of the Hippocratic Oath. We here present two versions. First, the "classic" version (or more precisely, one translation of the original oath). And then, following it, is presented one of the fine "modern" versions of the Hippocratic Oath.

38. Table of Contents  I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.  I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.  I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.  I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God. I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.

39. Table of Contents  I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.  I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.  I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.  If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.