1. Settlement and Population Topic A settlement is a dwelling (homes) or group of dwellings where people live. In the settlement unit we will be learning about:- i.site and situation ii.Settlement hierarchy iii.Function of a settlement iv.Growth of settlements and associated problems v.Sustainable development In the Population section we will be learning about the world’s population, reasons for its growth and distribution and the impact a growing population will have on the environment – both natural and human.

2. What do these photos all have in common? They are all places where people live!

3. What is a settlement … A settlement is a dwelling (homes) or group of dwellings where people live. What five key things you notice about this photograph?

4. Location of Settlements Site – the original choice of location based on physical (natural) characteristics of the landscape For an early settler what would your site need to offer?

6. Site Defensive On hill eg Edinburgh or in meander loop eg shrewsbury Wet point -near water for drinking/cooking /fishing Dry point- so doesn’t flood Flat fertile land for farming crops and pasture Fuel/building supplies – near woodland Bridging point – to cross rivers eg Oxford Aspect – on south facing sunny slopes Gap - in valley so access to other places Shelter – near hill or woodland

7. Sites for settlements

8. Which is the best site for a settlement? Imagine that you and your tribe have just arrived in this area. As the leader, you have to choose the best site for your village. How will you decide between sites A, B, C and D?

9. Situation – describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding features such as other settlements, and transport networks this is more important than SITE in the location of modern settlements – Why?

10. Settlement Shape see other ppt Nucleated Settlement – these settlements often grew around a crossroads and buildings are closely grouped together. Linear Settlements – These settlements are usually found in a valley or along a road or river. Dispersed settlements -. In farming or upland areas it is more common to find dispersed farm houses. Here people need to have plenty of space/land to farm.

11. City Large town Small Town Large Village Small village Hamlet Individual dwelling Number of services Population and area Settlement Hierarchy

12. Settlement Function Due to the SITUATION of a settlement it may grow to develop a particular function Defensive - protected eg on a hill ( Edinburgh) or in a meander loop ( Kenilworth) Market Town – at a crossroad or bridging point ( Witney – wool trade Port – near natural harbour to import/export goods ( Liverpool) Industrial – near natural resources, eg coal Iron ore, ( Ebbw Vale) Resort – attractive to tourists eg seaside and beaches (Blackpool) historical (Cambridge)

13. Settlement Goods and Services Higher order Settlements will offer higher order goods and services and people will be willing to travel further for these Sphere of Influence The area around a shop, settlement or service from which customers will come. Range The maximum distance someone will travel to use a shop, service or settlement Threshold The minimum number of customers required to keep a shop or sevice in business. Eg Marks & Spencer higher than Budgens Convenience goods Wouldn’t travel far for these low order goods –newspaper, pint of milk Comparison Goods Would travel further for these and compare prices. High order goods eg car, jewellery, phone

14. Growth of Settlements Depends on function( which will provide jobs) and will grow with rural –> urban migration Rural Areas -Push FactorsUrban Areas -Pull Factors Few Jobs Few services Only low order services Poor public transport Too quiet Unaffordable housing More job opportunities Better public transport More and higher order services More life – nightlife etc More affordable housing

15. Sustainable Development Sustainability – means responsible use of resources in a way that will protect them for future generations. REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE HOW? What is meant by the term ecological footprint? ecological footprint What is meant by the term Carbon footprint? what is sustainability? 3 Rs song

16. Carbon Footprint The amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organization, or community. http://ecologicalfootprint.com/ carbon family - twig science

17. REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE Energy usage Waste Brownfield site Building materials Water energy Waste Building materials

18. Sustainability and Us! Sustainability HOUSING ENERGY TRANSPORTWATER/FOOD WASTEENVIRONMENT Economic Activities

19. Sustainable Environmentally Friendly Development – eg“BedZED” So if building a new development eg housing or Olympic site must do so in a sustainable way. What must be considered? Where? Construction? Natural environment? Energy usage? Water usage? Recycling? Waste?

20. CASE STUDIES QUEEN ELIZABETH OLYMPIC PARK BEDZED

21. Bedzed Beddington Zero Energy Development is an environmentally friendly housing development in Hackbridge, London, England. It is in the London Borough of Sutton. bedzed class clip

22. Sustainable City -Masdar City in Abu Dhabi http://www.yout ube.com/watch?v =FyghLnbp20U

23. How big is the world population? population clock population clock

24. What 3 questions would you like to answer from the graph. What does the graph show you? The graph shows me that...

25. YearPopulation (billions) 10000 BC0.004 5000 BC0.005 1000 BC0.05 1 AD0.2 10000.3 16000.5 18001.0 20006.0 20137.0 Plot the points from the table onto your graph

26. Natural increase = Birth rate – death rate Birth rate - the number of live babies born per 1000 of the population per year Death rate – the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

27. What impact will this population increase have? Does it depend on the age of the population?

28. Population Distribution What factors will influence the distribution of population?

29. Places with lots of people usually have habitable environments. They are either Wealthy and Industrial eg Europe, Japan Eastern USA Or Poor with rapidly growing populations eg India, Ethiopia Factors influencing distribution of population Places with Few People are usually Hostile environments eg Antarctica, Sahara Desert

30. Large Populations live in ACCESSIBLE AREAS with GOOD RESOURCES and MODERATE CLIMATES River Valleys – sheltered with transport and water eg Nile valley Lowland Plains – flat with fertile soils eg East Anglia Areas rich in natural resources eg. good farmland, water, fossil fuels and ores eg South Wales Coastal Plains – moderate climate and good for trade eg Liverpool and Japan

31. Few People live in places WITHOUT RESOURCES OR EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Areas with extreme climates – are almost empty extreme temperatures and lack of water eg Antarctica or Sahara Desert High Altitudes – are inaccessible, have poor soils and steep slopes eg Andes

32. POPULATION DENSITY What is Population Density and why do we use it? Population Density = Population in an area / area km 2 Why use this value rather than just population?

33. Population Increase in a given area or country is due to.... Natural Increase + / – migration What is the difference between immigration and emigration??

34. International and internal migration may be forced or voluntary. twig migration twig migration International and internal migration may be forced or voluntary. Often the causes of migration can involve both push and pull factors: refugeesrefugees

35. Why do people migrate? People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic, social, political or environmental: economic migration - moving to find work or follow a particular career path social migration - moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends Political/religious migration - moving to escape political/religious persecution or war environmental causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding