1. The Lone Star State Early State Government Chapter 15 Section 2

2. Manifest Destiny Annexation also gained strength from growing support for manifest destiny. Many people in the U.S. believed it was the fate of the United States to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean. Merchants wanted ports on the Pacific coast, and settlers also wanted to live in Oregon, California, and Texas.

3. A New Constitution Similar to Louisiana constitution Constitution of 1845 established 3 branches –Legislative House of Representatives – 2 year terms Senate – 4 year terms –Executive Governor – 2 year terms; couldn’t serve more than 2 terms in a row; 30 years of age; Texas citizen for 3 years –Judicial (supreme court, district courts, county courts) Originally appointed by governor; later elected by people

4. New Constitution (cont.) People in town, cities, ranches, and homesteads began to have more voice in government Unusual Provisions –Exempted family homesteads from forced sales to pay off debts –Required married men to get wives’ permission before selling or trading homestead –Recognized married women’s right to separate ownership of all property before marriage –Stressed the importance of education with providing support for public schools

5. Texas Legislators at Work 1 st Governor James Pinckney Henderson Sam HoustonThomas J. Rusk 1 st U.S. Representatives David Kaufman 1 st U.S. Senators

6. Political Parties Democratic Party Favored by most Texans Represented farmers and laborers Favored annexation Spread of slavery Whig Party Represented business and commercial interests Opposed annexation of slave states Abolitionists Future Republican Party Know-Nothing (American) Party Tried to keep new immigrants from voting (nativism) Against Catholicism When asked about party, they would say “I know nothing” Democrats patterned party organization of nominating candidates at conventions

7. African Americans 1840 – 13,000 slaves; 1860 – 169,000 slaves; made up 30% of Texas population Only 400-1000 of free African Americans lived in Texas No political parties would represent them Not eligible to vote or join political parties Laws stated that absolute control went to the slaveholder Some slaves escaped south to Mexico who abolished slavery

8. Federal Aid for Reservations Native Americans and settlers clash as Americans move farther west Federal government wants to maintain the safety of its citizens Federal government forces the relocation of Native Americans to reservations Some Native Americans refused to go to the reservations (Indian Territory – Oklahoma) and raided Texas settlements Government set up forts along frontier (Eagle Pass to Red River) to protect and encourage settlement

9. War with Mexico Chapter 15 Section 3 The Lone Star State President James Polk General Santa Anna Versus

10. Causes of the War Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas & refused to accept Texas’ annexation into the U.S. The U.S. claimed that the Rio Grande was the boundary between the Mexico and Texas. Mexico claimed that the Nueces River was the boundary of Texas. To open trade with countries in the Pacific and the Far East, the U.S. wanted to control the port of San Francisco on the Pacific coast. The U.S. offered to pay damage claims and $30 million if Mexico would cede California to the western half of N.M. to the U.S. – Mexico refused X

11. Causes of the War (The Sequel) U.S. President James K. Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to negotiate with Mexico. –Settle damage claims of U.S. citizens –Negotiate boundary disputes –Offer to buy California No representative of the Mexican government would speak to Slidell (Mex. President Herrera thought it would make him look weak) Polk (insulted by Mexico’s refusal to meet) ordered General Zachary Taylor to move troops across the Nueces River toward the Rio Grande

12. War Declared American and Mexican forces first clashed at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma – May 8-9, 1846 (U.S. General Taylor won) U.S. President Polk declared that Mexico had shed American blood on American soil. Mexican President Jose Joaquin Herrera claimed that Mexican blood was shed on Mexico soil. U.S. Representative Abraham Lincoln (“spot resolutions”) challenged Polk to show the exact “spot on the map” – was pointing out the border dispute The U.S. Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846. Many Texans, including several companies of Texas Rangers who served as scouts, fought on the American side (Gov. Henderson took a leave to go fight.)

13. Key Battles Sept. 1846 – Taylor won Battle of Monterrey –Mx commander offered an armistice but Polk refused & ordered Taylor to advance U.S. army seized Santa Fe (trading post) and several California cities Feb 22-23, 1847 – Taylor fights Santa Anna at Buena Vista (who retreats) Mar 29, 1847 – U.S. gets control of Mexican port Veracruz Apr 17-18, 1847 – Santa Anna fails to stop U.S. forces at Cerro Gordo Sept 12, 1847 – Battle of Chapultepec Castle – young Mx boys tried and failed to protect Mx National Military Academy (Ninos Heroes) – Santa Anna abandons Mexico City Sept 13, 1847 – U.S. forces march into Mexico City and take control

14. United States Victory The U.S. forces were better equipped and had superior leaders than their opponents. Many well-known Civil War officers got their start in this war – Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, Georg McClellan, Albert Sidney Johnston to name a few The Peace Treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848.

15. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Ended the Mexican-American War Mexico abandons all claims to Texas Mexico accepts Rio Grande as boundary The Mexican Cession meant that the U.S. controlled all the territory between Texas and the Pacific Ocean. U.S. pays Mexico $15 million and agreed to pay claims of American citizens up to $3.25 million. Mexicans living in the lost territory were guaranteed all rights of U.S. citizenship, including political rights and the right to keep their land (had 1 year to decide citizenship).

16. Compromise of 1850 Rio Grande is boundary of Texas who claims ½ of New Mexico. Southerners want new territories to be open to slavery – Northerners oppose People of New Mexico did not want to be a part of Texas. They wanted to be a separate territory or state of the U.S. Many U.S. senators debated different plans on how to divide up Texas - The Pearce Plan won & the Texas borders established Provisions of Compromise – developed by Henry Clay –California admitted to U.S. as a free state –Mexican Cession territories have popular sovereignty to decide on slavery –Texas agrees to give up a part of the disputed area & U.S. agrees to give Texas $10 million to pay off public debt –Slave trade banned in Washington, D.C. –Fugitive Slave Act – North is required to return runaway slaves U.S. buys Gadsden Purchase for $10 million to finalize U.S. – Mexico border

17. The Lone Star State Immigrants Come To Texas Chapter 15 Section 4

18. Texas Triples Again in Population Population grew almost 50% from 1847-1850 –212,592 in 1850 state census –604,215 in 1860 state census Factors that caused immigration –Crop failures, European revolutions, depressions ($), westward expansion, Homestead Act Almost ¾ of Texas households came from Southern states “Gone to Texas” (G.T.T.) – placed on many doors of people who left for Texas 1845 – 36 counties; 1860 – 122 counties

19. Mexican Texans 1850 – 14,000 lived in Texas Inhabited areas –Between Nueces River and Rio Grande –San Antonio-Goliad –Del Rio to El Paso Primary occupations - Farmers, ranchers, teamsters, sheepherders, cowhands, craftworkers, domestic servants Many faced discrimination and hostility as a result of the Alamo and Goliad Spanish culture continues to influence Texas –Laws, language, music, architecture, food, and amusements

20. Other European Arrivals Germany – New Braunfels, Fredericksburg, Klein, 3 rd largest immigration group France – La Reunion near Dallas Ireland – Refugio and San Patricio (Old 300) Poland – Panna Maria in Karnes county Czechoslovakia – Praha, Fayetteville, Dubina (painted churches of Texas) Norway – Normandy in Henderson County Jewish – Castroville

21. Native American Reservations in Texas Alabama Coushatta – settled in East Texas; helped Texas settlers flee during Runaway Scrape; Texas gave them land in Polk County Tiguas live in the El Paso area and was recognized as an official Texas tribe in 1967 Kickapoo – helped the Mexicans in Cordova Rebellion; fled to Mexico; located near present day Eagle Pass Plains natives were the last to move to reservations