1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Modern Conflicts Divide Nations

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. New nations were created with culturally diverse populations. Often one ethnic group dominated. The European powers that drew their borders had little concern for ethnic, religious, or regional differences. Many new nations were created after World War II.

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In Sri Lanka, Hindu Tamils felt excluded from government; their language and religion were not recognized. A bloody civil war resulted. By contrast, minority French speakers in Quebec, Canada, have been able to work within the political system. Conflicts may occur when members of a group feel they have been treated unfairly.

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Years of violence plagued Northern Ireland. When Ireland won independence in 1922, six counties of Northern Ireland remained part of Britain. Catholics in Northern Ireland wanted civil rights and reunion with Ireland. Majority Protestants rejected Catholic rights and wanted to remain part of Britain. In the 1960s, extremists on both sides turned to violence and terrorism. Both sides signed a peace accord known as the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. In 2007, a power-sharing government was set up.

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Muslim Chechens were one of many minority groups in Russia. When Chechnya tried to declare independence, Russian troops invaded, killing many civilians. Chechens responded with terrorist attacks in Moscow and elsewhere. Ethnic and religious tensions fueled conflict in Chechnya, a province in Russia.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Minority Armenians in Azerbaijan have clashed with majority Azeris in the region of Nagorno- Karabakh, where Armenians outnumber Azeris. When they declared independence, fighting broke out. In 2008, Georgia attacked separatists in the region of South Ossetia. Tensions remained high after the conflict. Other former Soviet republics have had ongoing conflicts.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Ethnic, nationalistic, and religious tensions tore apart Yugoslavia in the 1990s.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Before 1991, Yugoslavia was a multiethnic nation made up of many religious and ethnic groups. Serbs, Montenegrins, and Macedonians were Orthodox Christian. Croats and Slovenes were Roman Catholic. Bosnians and Albanians were mainly Muslim. The nation was held together by a communist government.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In Bosnia, fighting erupted among Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs. This led to fighting between Serbs and Croats in Croatia. After the fall of communism, individual regions began to break away, starting with Slovenia and Croatia in 1991.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. As the fighting spread, Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic aided and encouraged Bosnian Serbs. With his aid, Serbs engaged in ethnic cleansing, removing or killing Croats and Muslim Bosniaks, to create ethnically “pure” Serbian regions.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During the Bosnian War, which lasted from 1992 to 1995, both sides committed terrible atrocities. Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital, lay in ruins. NATO air strikes against the Bosnian Serb military forced both sides to negotiate. The Dayton Accords, sponsored by the United States, ended the war. People in Sarajevo view the rubble of their home.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1999 NATO launched air strikes at Serbia. When a small guerrilla force of Kosovo Albanians emerged, Milosevic rejected international peace efforts and increased his ethnic cleansing campaign. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic began oppressing Kosovo Albanians in 1989.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Kosovo Albanians celebrated independence in 2008. Serbs protested, believing that Kosovo was a historic part of their country. Kosovo moved toward independence. A small NATO force remains to keep the peace.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Struggles in Africa

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The struggle for freedom in South Africa was different than elsewhere. South Africa gained its independence in 1910 as a white-ruled nation. In 1948, the existing racial segregation was expanded into the system of apartheid.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Everyone was registered by race. Black White Colored (mixed ancestry) Asian Blacks were treated like foreigners in their own country. Needed permission to travel Received low wages and inferior schooling Could not own land in most areas Under apartheid, a strict set of laws existed.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In reality, blacks were kept uneducated, segregated, and in poverty. The real purpose of apartheid was to keep control and wealth for the white citizens, who made up just 20 percent of the population. It was claimed that apartheid allowed each race to develop its own culture.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The ANC organized peaceful marches, boycotts, and strikes. In 1960, police fired on a peaceful protest in Sharpeville, killing 69 people. Opposition to apartheid was led by the African National Congress (ANC). After Sharpeville, the ANC began armed opposition, leading to a further crackdown by the government. ANC leader Nelson Mandela was imprisoned. He became a symbol of the struggle against apartheid.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many nations, including the United States, imposed economic sanctions on South Africa to pressure the government to end apartheid. South Africa was banned from the Olympic games and many entertainers refused to perform there. Black South African bishop Desmond Tutu received the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid. World opinion turned against apartheid.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1990, South African president F. W. de Klerk agreed to end apartheid. In 1994, Mandela was freed from prison and elected president in the nation’s first multiracial election. He peacefully worked with old enemies. Expectations were high, but progress toward economic equality has been slow.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many African nations gained independence without violence. This was not the case in parts of southern Africa, however. The apartheid government of South Africa supported minority white regimes in neighboring Zimbabwe and Namibia, creating a struggle. Portugal refused to give up its colonies in Angola and Mozambique, leading to armed conflict.

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After decades, the war ended and both countries began to rebuild. Both nations established ties with the Soviet Union, leading South Africa and the United States to aid rebel forces. Nationalist movements in Angola and Mozambique turned to guerrilla war; they gained independence in 1975.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Historic resentments and unjust governments fed ethnic violence in several African nations. One of Africa’s deadliest civil wars erupted in the small Central African nation of Rwanda.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Hutus were the majority group, but Tutsis dominated the nation. Tensions worsened until 1994 when Hutu officials urged people to murder their Tutsi neighbors. Rwanda had two rival groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis. At least 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were slaughtered. Millions were left homeless.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Those responsible for the genocide were tried in the World Court. With United Nations assistance, Rwanda began to rebuild. At the same time, in neighboring Burundi, similar ethnic divisions led to civil war.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. They tried to impose Islamic law among non-Muslim groups and discriminated against those in the south, leading to rebellion. Millions have died or been displaced in the north-south conflict. In 2005 a ceasefire ended fighting in the south. In Sudan, Muslim Arabs from the north controlled the government.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The situation deteriorated in the western Sudan province of Darfur. Government-backed Arab militias destroyed villages, killed civilians, and terrorized farmers. The United States and other countries sent humanitarian aid. UN peacekeepers were unable to stop the violence. By 2009, an estimated 300,000 people in Darfur were killed. An international court charged Sudan’s president with crimes against humanity.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Conflicts in the Middle East

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Israel has fought four major wars with its Arab neighbors. Arab states attacked in 1948, as soon as Israel declared itself a nation. Other wars occurred in 1956, 1967, and 1973. In the 1973 war, Arab nations attacked on Yom Kippur, the most solemn day of the Jewish year. Between these major wars, Israel faced guerrilla and terrorist attacks.

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the 1967 war, Israel gained control of lands taken from hostile Arab nations. After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel helped Jewish settlers build homes in what Palestinians called the occupied territories. JordanThe West Bank and East Jerusalem EgyptThe Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip SyriaThe Golan Heights

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. PLO leader Yasir Arafat called for the destruction of Israel and the creation of a Palestinian state. To gain attention, the PLO employed terrorist tactics such as airplane hijackings and the killing of Israeli athletes during the 1972 Olympic games. For decades the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) fought against Israel.

32. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Palestinians in the occupied territories began launching intifadas against Israel in 1987. They demanded an end to Israeli occupation. Palestinians stoned and fired on Israelis. Suicide bombers blew up buses, stores, and clubs in Israel, killing civilians. Israel responded by targeting terrorist leaders and bombing Palestinian towns.

33. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some peace efforts succeeded. Egypt and Israel signed a peace agreement in 1979, resulting in a return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. Yasir Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signed the Oslo Accords in 1993. The PLO recognized Israel’s right to exist and promised to stop using terrorism, while Israel granted limited self-rule to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. In 1994, Jordan made peace with Israel. Syria and Israel, however, failed to reach agreement on the Golan Heights.

34. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the 2006 PLO elections, the radical Islamist group Hamas seized control of Gaza. Israel imposed a blockade on Gaza, while Hamas fired rockets into Israel. In 2009 Israeli forces invaded Gaza, resulting in a short, destructive war. Arafat’s successor, Mahmoud Abbas, pledged to stop attacks, but violence continued.

35. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Three key obstacles stand in the way of peace. Palestinians demand the “right of return” to land they left in the past. Israel fears large numbers of Palestinians might overwhelm the Jewish state. Israel has settlements in the West Bank. Palestinians wants Jewish settlers to leave. Palestinians want East Jerusalem to be the capital of a future Palestinian state. Israel claims all of Jerusalem as its capital.

36. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Jerusalem was capital of the ancient kingdom of Israel and contains sites that are holy to Jews, Muslims, and Christians. The Western Wall, a Jewish holy place, and the Dome of the Rock, an important Islamic shrine, in Jerusalem

37. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A cycle of attacks and reprisals has continued for decades. Radical Islamist groups continued to reject Israel’s right to exist. Terrorist attacks against Israel, and Israeli counterattacks, have killed thousands, including many civilians. The cycle of violence has crippled the economy of the West Bank and Gaza.

38. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some Israeli and Palestinian leaders accepted the two-state plan. Iran and radical Islamist groups rejected it. It called for creation of a stable, democratic Palestinian state that would peacefully coexist with Israel. The UN, the United States, the European Union, and Russia promoted a “road map” to peace in the early 2000s.

39. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Lebanon has also been racked by religious conflict. Lebanon is a small, multiethnic nation north of Israel. Arab Christian sects historically held the most power. It also includes Sunni and Shiite Muslims and Druze. Christian and Muslim militias fought for power. Israel invaded in 1982 to stop PLO raids launched from Lebanon. UN peacekeepers were killed in suicide bombings. Peace was restored after 16 years. Lebanon was plunged into civil war in 1975.

40. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 2006, Hezbollah launched attacks against Israel from southern Lebanon. Israel responded in a month-long war that killed civilians in both Israel and Lebanon. Lebanon reached a power-sharing agreement with Hezbollah in 2008. Hezbollah gained power, but all factions promised not to use weapons within Lebanon. Hezbollah, a radical Islamist group based in Lebanon, has become another source of conflict.

41. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Iraq included Shiite Arabs, Sunni Arabs, and Kurds. Although Shiites were in the majority, Sunnis controlled the government. The Kurds sought self-rule. In 1980, dictator Saddam Hussein launched a bloody war against Iran. Millions died. He also used chemical weapons on the Kurds.

42. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1991 Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait. Saddam Hussein seized Kuwait’s rich oil fields, claiming that Kuwait was Iraqi territory. The United States led a coalition against Iraq that included several Arab states. The Persian Gulf War crushed Iraq’s military and freed Kuwait.

43. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Saddam Hussein was permitted to stay in power, but economic sanctions were imposed. No- fly zones were set up to protect Shiites and Kurds in Iraq. After 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, President George W. Bush accused Iraq of supporting terrorists and hiding weapons of mass destruction.

44. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A coalition led by the United States invaded Iraq in 2003 and toppled Saddam Hussein. No weapons of mass destruction were found. Shiite, Sunni, and Kurdish leaders wrote a new constitution. Elections were held in 2005. The new government later executed Saddam for war crimes.

45. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. U.S.-led forces fought the insurgency and trained Iraqi troops. In 2007, a U.S. troop surge caused a decline in violence and death tolls. Iraq moved toward civil war as insurgents fought for control. The Shiite-led government faced many obstacles, but grew more confident. The United States withdrew nearly all of its troops from Iraq 2011.