1. 11 Anatomy and Physiology

2. 12 Lesson Objectives After this lesson students will be able to: Explain the relationship and function of : Cells Tissues Primary organs Body systems within the human body

3. 13 Anatomy The study of the organs and systems of the body

4. 14 Why is the study of the human body and physiology important to the Cosmetologist?

5. 15 Anatomy study of organs and systems of the body GrossMicroscopic studies structures too small to see without aid of a microscope, also called histology can be seen with the naked eye Building Blocks of the Human Body Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

6. 16 Physiology The study of the functions the organs and systems perform

7. 17 Cells Basic units of all living matter –Composed of protoplasm Gel-like substance containing water, salt & nutrients –Nucleus Controls all cell activities

8. 18 Cells A cell contains 3 basic parts: Cell Membrane outer surface of cell enclosing protoplasm Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body Nucleus control center of cell activities Cytoplasm production department of cell where cell’s activities take place

9. 19 Metabolism chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for growth and reproduction Anabolism Catabolism Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones Building up larger molecules from smaller ones Cells Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

10. 110 Cells Beyond the Book The longest cells in the human body are the motor neurons. They can be up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) long and run from the lower spinal cord to the big toe. www.hightechscience.org

11. 111 1. Epithelial – covers and protects body surface and internal organs 2. Connective – supports, protects and holds body together 3. Nerve – coordinates body functions; carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord 4. Muscular – contracts to produce motion 5. Liquid – carries food, waste products and hormones Tissues Groups of cells of the same kind Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

12. 112 Tissues Epithelial – Covers & protects Connective – Supports, protects & holds body together Nerve – carries messages to 7 from the brain Muscular – Contracts, to produce motion

13. 113 Separate body structures that perform specific functions Composed of 2 or more different tissues Skin is the body’s largest organ Organs More about organs on next slide! Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

14. 114 Tissues Beyond the Book Very loud sounds can rip ear, lung and other vibrating tissues. A sound wave is a pressure wave; that's why you can sometimes feel your body vibrate during loud, low sounds. When body tissues resonate with the sound's frequency, the pressure increases.

15. 115 BrainControls all body functions EyesControl vision HeartCirculates the blood LungsSupply the blood with oxygen Stomach and Intestines Digest food Liver Removes toxic byproducts of digestion KidneysEliminate water and waste products SkinForms external protective layer of body Organs Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

16. 116 Organs Beyond the Book The kidneys clean over 1 million gallons of blood in a lifetime.

17. 117 Body Systems The Doer’s

18. 118 Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up Body Systems systems!! Cells make up tissues,Tissues make up organs, Organs make up Systems!! Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

19. 119 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems 2 RespiratoryEndocrineExcretoryDigestiveCirculatoryNervousMuscularSkeletal Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

20. 120 Body Systems A system is a group of body structures and/or organs that perform functions for the body. Skeletal - provides framework of body Muscular - moves body Circulatory - circulates blood through body Nervous - sends and receives body messages Digestive - supplies food to body Excretory - eliminates waste from body Respiratory - controls breathing of body Endocrine - controls growth, general health and reproduction of body Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

21. 121 Skeletal System Osteology – The study of bones

22. 122 IT’S 2 U! Brain, eyes, heart, lungs, stomach and intestines, liver, kidneys, skin Body Systems group of body structures that perform one or more vital functions for the body Organs separate body structures that perform specific functions Skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, digestive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine Cells basic units of living matter Tissues groups of cells of the same kind Epithelial tissue connective tissue nerve tissue muscular tissue liquid tissue Building Blocks of the Human Body Answers will vary, but here is an example of what the web could look like. Answers Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

23. 123 Physical foundation of the body Composed of 206 bones of different shapes and sizes Bones are attached to each other at movable or immovable joints A joint is the point at which two or more bones are joined together The Skeletal System Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

24. 124 Functions of the Skeletal System Support-gives shape & strength Surround & protect- Internal organs Frame- Muscles are attached Movement

25. 125 The Skull or the Cranium 8 Bones –Frontal-Forehead –Parietal-Sides –Occipital-Back –Temporal-Temples

26. 126 Remaining 2 Bones Sphenoid – Located behind the eyes & nose, connecting all cranium bones Ethmoid – Spongy bone between eyes, forms part of the nasal cavity

27. 127 The Skeletal System Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal The Cranium Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems

28. 128 Why do we need to know this???? The shape and size of all the bones of the skull and their relationship to one another will help us determine the most flattering makeup and hair design for each client.

29. 129 Facial Skeleton -14 Bones Mandible- lower jaw and largest Maxillae- 2 bones of upper jaw Nasal-2 bones that join & form the bridge of nose Zygomatic-Malar-2 bones forming the upper cheek and bottom of eye socket Lacrimal-2 bones forming front part & inner, bottom wall of eye socket

30. 130 The Skeletal System Mandible lower jaw Maxillae upper jaw Nasal bridge of the nose Facial Skeleton Chapter 3.2 Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems Zygomatic upper cheek Lacrimal inner eyesocket

31. 131 Neck Bones Cervical Vertebrae-7 Bones that form the top part of the spine Hyoid- U-shaped bone-Adam’s apple

32. 132 Arm, Wrist & Hand Bones Humerus- Largest bone of the upper arm Radius-Small bone on thumb side of forearm Ulna- Bone on little finger side of forearm Carpals-8 small bones held together by ligaments forming wrist Metacarpals-5 long, thin bones that form the palm of the hand Phalanges- 14 bones that form the fingers, 3 in each

33. 133 Back,Chest & Shoulder Bones

34. 134 Body Systems Beyond the Book From the age of thirty, humans gradually begin to shrink in size.

35. 135 Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check 1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter. 2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs. 3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ______. 4. Another name for histology is ______ ______. 5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called ______. On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-9, answer the following questions. Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

36. 136 Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check 6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye is called ______ ______. 7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called ______. 8. Cells make up ______, which make up organs. Organs make up _______. 9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a ______. Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

37. 137 Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check 1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter. 2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs. 3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ________. 4. Another name for histology is ___________ ________. 5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called __________. Now check your work. Observe each of the false statements become true. Cells are the basic units of living matter. anatomy microscopic anatomy physiology Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

38. 138 Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check 6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye is called _____ ________. 7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called __________. 8. Cells make up _______, which make up organs. Organs make up _______. 9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a _______. gross anatomy protoplasm tissues systems system Chapter 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology Building Blocks of the Human Body

39. 139 The Muscular System Myology – The study of muscles More than 500 large & small muscles in the body Muscles comprise 40% of the body’s weight

40. 140 The Muscular System Myology – The study of muscles More than 500 large & small muscles in the body Muscles comprise 40%of the body’s weight

41. 141 Muscle Functions Support the skeleton Produce body movements Contour the body Involved in other bodily functions; digestive, circulatory, & nervous systems

42. 142 Muscle Tissue Types Striated – Muscles respond to commands regulated by the will. ex. If I thought, “I need to blink,” my eyes would blink Non-Striated – Muscles that respond automatically to control body functions, ex. Heart, eyes blink to keep them moist

43. 143 Special Terms Anterior – in front of Posterior – in back of Superioris - located above or is larger Inferioris – located below or is smaller Levator – lifts up Depressor – draws down or depresses Dilator – opens, enlarges or expands

44. 144 3 Parts of the Muscle Origin – fixed portion attached to the bone, also called skeletal Belly – middle of muscle Insertion – Portion of muscle joined to the movable part

45. 145 Muscles Move By: Contraction or tightening Expansion- Relaxing

46. 146 Stimulate Muscles Massage Electric Current Light rays Heat rays Moist Heat Nerve Impulses Chemicals

47. 147 Scalp & Face Muscles Facials –Massage from insertion to origin

48. 148 Epicranius or Occipitalis Frontalis – Muscle extending from forehead to the top of skull Occipitalis – Muscle located at the nape of neck

49. 149 Ear Muscles Auricularis Anterior – in front of ear Auricularis Superior – above the ear Auricularis Posterior – behind the ear

50. 150 Eye & Nose Muscles Corrugator – eyebrows, draws in & downward Levator Palpebrae – raises eyelid Orbicularis Oculi – closes eyelid Procerus – draws brows down & wrinkles nose

51. 151 Mouth Muscles Oris Orbicularis – Pucker, whistle, kiss or wrinkle Quadratus Labii Superioris –Raise nostrils, (Turn up nose) Quadratus Labii Inferioris – Pulls lower lip down, sarcasm Mentalis – Pushes lower lip up, doubt

52. 152 More Mouth Muscles Risorius – Draws mouth up & out, as in grin Caninus – Pulls up corners of the mouth, snarling Triangularis – Draws corners of the mouth down, depression Zygomaticus – Draws mouth up & back, laughing Buccinator – Compresses cheeks, blowing

53. 153 Mastication Muscles Temporalis – Located above & in front of the ear, opens & closes the jaw, chew Masseter – Covers the hinge of the jaw, helps in chewing

54. 154 Neck & Upper Back Muscles Platysma – From tip of chin to shoulder & chest, depresses lower jaw, sadness Sternocleido Mastoidus – Along side of neck from ear to collarbone, side-to-side, up & down, “yes” & “no” Trapezuis Latissimus Dorsi – Back of neck to upper back, rotates shoulder blades, swings arms

55. 155 Shoulder,Chest & Arm Muscles Pectoralis – Front of the chest, swings arms Serratus Anterior – Under the arm, breathing & raising arms Deltoid – Covers the shoulder, lifts, turns arm Bicep – front of upper arm, raises upper arm, bends elbow Tricep – Controls forward movment of forearm, length of upper arm Supinator- Runs parallel to ulna, palm up Pronator – Runs across lower part of radius & ulna, palm down & inward Flexor- Mid-forearm, bends wrist & closes the fingers Extensor – Mid-forearm, outside, straightens fingers & wrist

56. 156 Hand Muscles Abductor – Separate the fingers Adductor – Draw together Opponens – Located in palm, causes thumb to move toward the fingers, grasp,fist

57. 157 The Heart Cone-shaped Muscular organ Located in the chest Size of your fist Encased in the pericardium Contracts & relaxes to move blood through the body

58. 158 Vascular

59. 159 Circulatory System- 2 Parts Cardiovascular –Circulation of blood –Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries Lymph-Vascular –Circulation of lymph –Lymph glands, nodes & vessels

60. 160 Four Compartments Upper Chamber –Rt. Atrium –LFT. Atrium –Lower Chamber –RT. Ventricle –LFT. Ventricle –60-80 Beats per minute

61. 161 The Blood Sticky, salty fluid that circulates through the body bringing nourishment & oxygen to all body parts and carrying toxins & waste products to the liver & kidneys to be eliminated. 8-10 pints in our body

62. 162 Blood Components Red Blood Cells- Erthrocytes-Carry O2, contain a protein called hemoglobin White Blood Cells- Leucocytes-fight bacteria, number increases when body has an infection

63. 163 More Blood Components Blood Platelets- Thrombocytes- responsible for clotting Plasma-Fluid part of the blood in which red & white blood cells are suspended. 90% water

64. 164 Blood Vessels Arteries-Tubular, elastic,thick-walled branching vessels that carry pure blood from the heart through the body Veins- Tubular, elastic, thin- walled branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries to the heart. Contain valves to prevent back flow. Crries blood containing CO2. Capillaries-Small, carry nutrients & O2 from arteries to the cells, & take waste away.

65. 165 Blood returns through 2 Veins Internal Jugular Vein-IJV External Jugular Vein-EJV

66. 166 ECA or External Carotid Artery Branches Occipital-supplies blood to back of head Posterior Auricular-supplies blood to scalp above & behind the ears Superficial Temporal-supplies blood to sides & top of head, branches into 5 smaller arteries External Maxillary-supplies the lower part of the face, mouth & nose, breaks down into 9 smaller arteries

67. 167 Nervous System The study of the Nervous System is called Neurology

68. 168 3 Parts of the Nervous System Central or Cerebrospinal System Peripheral System Autonomic or Sympathetic System

69. 169 Components of the Nervous System BRAIN Controls all functions of the nervous system. Weighs 44-48 oz. SPINAL CORD Controls all voluntary body actions NERVES

70. 170 Central Nervous System

71. 171 Four parts of the BRAIN Cerebrum-mental activity, front of cranium Cerebullum-muscle movement, occipital Pons-connects brain to spinal cord, below cerebrum Medulla-Oblangata- connects brain to spinal cord, below pons

72. 172 Peripheral Nervous System- Message Carrier Nerve Cells-Neuron, like other cells but have axons. At the end of each axon is a nerve terminal, synapse, makes connections. Send messages in the form of nerve impulses Dendrites- short fibers of the synapses, receive messages sent to nerve cells- Interstate highway of the body

73. 173 Types of Nerves Motor-carry messages from brain to muscles, by contracting or expanding Sensory- transmit sensation messages to brain, pain etc, through motor nerves. This interaction is reflex. Mixed- perform both motor & sensory functions. Ex. Trifacial Nerve, helps you chew. Largest of facial nerves, transmits all facial sensations. 3 main branches, “tri”

74. 174 Autonomic or Sympathetic Responsible for all involuntary body functions –Respiratory –Digestive –Circulatory –Excretory –Endocrine –Reproductive

75. 175 Digestive System Breaks down food into simpler chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or if not absorbed, eliminated from the body in waste products.

76. 176 Excretory System Eliminates solid, liquid & gaseous waste products from the body. –Skin-20 sq. ft, largest body organ, excretes H2O, CO2 etc. –Liver-changes ammonia to urea, changes to kidneys. –Kidneys-pass urea from liver through nephrons, which filter waste & H2O, nephrons send nutrients to blood.

77. 177 Respiratory System Functions-Intake O2, expel CO2 Lungs-has cells or cilia that absorb O2 & send it to the blood Diaphragm-Expands & contracts to force air in & out of lungs

78. 178 Endocrine System Duct Glands –Sebaceous Glands- Secrete sebum, oil –Sudiferous Glands- –Ductless Glands- make hormones Effects hair growth, skin conditions & energy level

79. 179 “OLOGY” Physiology –The study of the functions bodily organs perform Osteology –The study of bones Myology –The study of the structure, function & diseases of the muscles Cosmetology – The study of the art & science of beauty care Neurology – The study of the nervous system