1. 1920S AMERICA

2. THE “ROARING” 20’S ECONOMIC BOOM AMERICANS EARNING MORE THAN EVER BEFORE NATIONAL INCOME ROSE FROM $61-$87 BILLION (43% INCREASE) MORE MONEY TO SPEND ON LUXURY GOODS

3. THE NEW WOMAN THE 19 TH AMENDMENT (1920) GAVE WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND USHERED IN A NEW ERA FOR WOMEN.

4. THE FLAPPER

5. RADIO KDKA in Pittsburgh established the first commercial radio station in 1920 and soon hundreds of stations popped-up across the country. Provided millions of people with access to news, sports, entertainment, and advertising. Could hear things they never had access to before as they happened live: the World Series, the voice of the president, election returns, and commercials (the price for “free” radio). By 1929, 12 million families owned radios.

6. JAZZ Jazz began in New Orleans in the early 20 th century – first truly unique American art form. Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Bessie Smith became major pop culture icons in America.

7. MOVIES MOVIE PALACES POPPED UP IN EVERY MAJOR CITY, WHERE MILLIONS OF PATRONS FLOCKED TO SEE THE STARS OF THE DAY. THESE MOVIES INFLUENCED AMERICAN CULTURE. Clara Bow Rudolph Valentino Charlie Chaplin

8. AMERICAN POP CULTURE Along with movies, newspapers and magazines helped shape cultural trends and fads by placing an emphasis on pop culture.

9. THE NEW KKK The Ku Klux Klan had died out during the 1870s, but had a resurgence in Georgia in 1915 calling for “100% Americanism.” The Klan now targeted: Blacks, Latinos, Jews, Catholics, anyone not born in the United States, socialists, communists Anyone who was different from the accepted White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant.

10. THE NEW KKK The new KKK had a major influence on politics at all levels (local, state, and national). Four million members by 1925 with many in the Midwest (not just in the south).

11. THE SCOPES TRIAL In 1925, Tennessee passed a law making it illegal to teach Darwinian evolution in public schools. The trial drew international attention and was broadcast on the radio. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100.

12. THE “MONKEY TRIAL” The trial demonstrated the battle between science and religion in America and the challenge to the traditional views that were relatively unchallenged until the 1920s.

14. PROHIBITION Prohibition  18 th amendment Made the production, consumption, possession of alcohol illegal Resulted in: Speakeasies Bars and nightclubs that sold alcoholic beverages illegally. Bootlegging The unlawful production, selling, or transporting of alcohol. Organized Crime Al Capone reportedly made $60 million a year from illegally selling alcohol.

15. AMERICA DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION

16. BUSINESS CYCLE

18. CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1.Stock Market Crash on Oct 29 th, 1929: “Black Tuesday” The stock market collapsed due to a combination of the factors listed above and a dramatic decrease in confidence.

20. THE CRASH!

21. Black Tuesday, Oct. 29

22. CAUSES OF THE STOCK MARKET CRASH OF 1929 1.Business was booming, but investments were made up borrowed money and buying stock on credit/margin (known as over speculation) 2.There was an excessive expansion of credit 3.Business failures led to bankruptcies 4.Banks were also invested in the market 5.When the market collapsed, banks had no money – led to bank closings

24. CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 2. Failure of the Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the widespread collapse of the nation’s banking system in the late 1920s and early 1930s when the economy showed signs of slowing down This led to less money in circulation and people pulling their savings out of the banks  Bank Runs

25. A BANK RUN

27. CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 3. High Protective Tariff Tariff Act of 1930 (Hawley- Smoot Tariff) put a high tax on imported goods People thought it would promote productivity from American Industries and decrease unemployment Unintended Effect  Other countries put tariffs on US goods creating a trade problem for the whole world – strangled world trade!

29. IMPACTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1.Homelessness and unemployment – 25% of Americans unemployed by 1932

31. Hooverville, USA

32. An Al Capone-sponsored soup kitchen

33. Skid Row, Looking for Rooms

34. MOVIES AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION Movies provided many Americans an escape from Depression-era realities

35. IMPACTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 2. Factory production cut by 50% - Demand for goods significantly decreased

36. IMPACTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 3. Political Unrest – Angry workers became violent and more militant as the Great Depression continued – 1.5 million workers on strike in 1934

37. IMPACTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 4. Farm prices fell to very low levels – Between 1929 and 1932, 400,000 farms were lost. Led to Farm Foreclosures and Migration. Many lost their farms and became Migrant Workers.

38. The Actual “Dust Bowl”

44. Between 1930-1934 one million families lost their farms

47. 4. FARM FORECLOSURES AND MIGRATION Many people left the Great Plains and moved to California

49. IMPACTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 5.Collapse of American financial system – 5,200 banks closed and foreclosures quickly rose

50. A NEW DEAL FOR AMERICA

51. False Prophecy “We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us… we shall soon with the help of God be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this Nation.” -Herbert Hoover, 1928

52. PRESIDENT HERBERT HOOVER Warren G. HardingCalvin CoolidgeHerbert Hoover President Hoover and his predecessors believed that the government should not directly aid Americans and intervene in the economy (laissez- faire) as the economy would eventually correct itself. Hoover quickly realized that this policy would not work and took action: Cut taxes Public Works (Hoover Dam) Reconstruction Finance Corp. (loans to business) Federal Farm Board to buy up farmers surplus to raise prices. Hoover’s actions were not effective, as he waited too long to act and the actions he did take did not do enough.

53. TIME FOR SOME ACTION Many Americans were not satisfied with President Hoover’s response (laissez faire) to the Great Depression, first nothing, and then a limited response. Many Americans wanted a government that was responsive to their needs, one that provided services when needed and intervened in the economy. “We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.” -Franklin Roosevelt, First inaugural Address

54. FDR HANDILY DEFEATS HOOVER – ELECTED TO FIX THE GREAT DEPRESSION

55. ELECTION OF 1932 Hoover’s response was not enough and Americans elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 to fix the Great Depression.

56. “This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. I am convinced that you will again give that support to leadership in these critical days.” -Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address

57. FDR’S NEW DEAL The New Deal permanently changed the role of American government in the economy. It fostered (brought) changes in people’s attitudes towards government's responsibilities. The New Deal = Roosevelt’s reform plan to fix the Great Depression.

58. NEW DEAL PLAN Add $$ to the economy (welfare, jobs) More $$ to spend Buy more goods Companies have more profit More jobs created. Workers hired.

59. NEW DEAL GOALS The Three R’s: —R elief – measures that provided direct payment to people for immediate help. —R ecovery – programs designed to bring the nation out of the depression over time. —R eform – measures designed to correct unsound banking and investment practices to prevent future depressions.

60. FIRESIDE CHATS Roosevelt first rallied a frightened nation with his inaugural address, “You have nothing to fear but fear itself…” Roosevelt would go on the radio and explained his New Deal policies and later what was going on in World War II. The first fireside chat was issued on March 12, 1933. These addresses helped build confidence in the president.

61. ALPHABET AGENCIES (RELIEF) Works Progress Administration (WPA) Created more than 8 million jobs. Employed men and women to do public works (bridges, roads) and to do research and artistic projects

62. ALPHABET AGENCIES (RECOVERY) Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Farmers paid to produce less in order to raise crop prices Farmers paid not to use parts of their land, kill livestock, and grow less Increased the prices farmers received.

63. ALPHABET AGENCIES (REFORM) Social Security Act Provided safeguards for workers: —Retirement funds for those 65 and older (funds paid by employers and employees). —Unemployment compensation for those unable to find work. —Benefits to dependant mothers and children.

64. ALPHABET AGENCIES (REFORM) Federal Deposit Insurance Incorporation (FDIC) Insured all savings in banks by the government Helped restore confidence in banks after 1/3 of all banks failed Initially insured up to $2,500 – today up to $250,000

65. MissionProgramHow Did It Work? R elief -- Provided direct payment to people for immediate help Works Progress Administration (WPA) Employed men and women to do public works, research and artistic projects R ecovery-- Designed to bring nation out of depression over time AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) Increased government regulation of crop production and payments to farmers R eform-- Corrected unsound banking and investment practices Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Insured all savings in banks, helped restore confidence in banks Social Security Act Offered safeguards for workers by providing unemployment benefits and retirement

66. NEW DEAL LEGACY While the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, it did improve the economy and put the economy on the right track. Permanently made the government an active player in the economy. Changed people’s attitudes toward the government’s responsibilities to the people – government should provide for the people when in need. Many New Deal programs still exist today (FDIC, Social Security, National Labor Relations Board, etc.).