1. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas CHAPTER 2-1 & 2-2 – Spanish Exploration ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Spanish exploration of the Americas?

2. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration No one knows if Christopher Columbus heard the Viking stories, but he believed he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus grew up in Italy and, in the 1470s, moved to Portugal, Europe’s leading seafaring nation. There, he studied and developed his idea for a voyage to Asia.

3. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration The king of Portugal refused to finance Columbus’s voyage, so Columbus sought help from Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. They eventually agreed, and in August 1492, Columbus set sail with his three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. On October 12, Columbus landed on a small island in present-day Bahamas and claimed it for Spain.

4. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration In 1492, Columbus then sailed to present-day Cuba and Hispaniola. He continued to believe he was in Asia. Columbus sailed back to Spain, where the king and queen made him governor of the “West Indies.”

5. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration Columbus made three other voyages to the Caribbean islands, for a total of 4 voyages.

6. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration In 1506, when Columbus died in Spain, he was still convinced that he had reached Asia. However, when Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci realized after 2 trips west that he was NOT in Asia but in a “new world”. America was named after his last name.

7. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration In 1510, Spanish colonist Vasco Núñez de Balboa explored the Caribbean coast of what is now Panama. He became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.

8. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration In 1519, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan set wanted to find an Atlantic-Pacific passage to Asia.

9. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration For more than a year, Magellan’s small fleet sailed down the South American coast looking for a strait. Near the southern tip of present-day Argentina, Magellan found a narrow passage. About 38 days later, his ships exited what is today called the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean.

10. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration However, Asia was still far away. When Magellan’s fleet finally reached the Philippine Islands, he and others were killed in a battle with Filipinos. The survivors of the battle fled and reached Spain in 1522. Magellan’s crew became the first group of people to circumnavigate the world.

11. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration Early Spanish voyages set the stage for the Columbian Exchange a transfer of people, products, and ideas between the hemispheres. From Western Hemisphere to Eastern (From America to Europe) Maize (corn) Potato Sweet potato Beans Peanut Squash Pumpkin Pineapple Tomato Cocoa Peppers Avocado Turkey From Eastern Hemisphere to Western (From Europe to America) Wheat Rice Banana Peach Pear Sugar cane Watermelon Lettuce Horse Cow Sheep Goat Chicken Pig Disease (smallpox, typhus)

12. Chapter 2 Section 1 The Age of Exploration The Columbian Exchange Positive Changes The Europeans introduced new food plants and domestic animals to the Western hemisphere. The Americas introduced new food plants and animals to the rest of the world, which now account for nearly one-third of the world’s food supply. Negative Changes Europeans enslaved Native Americans as they mined for gold. Contagious diseases brought by Europeans killed Native Americans by the thousands.

13. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas Describe how the Spanish were able to defeat the empires of the Aztecs and Incas. Identify Spanish explorations in areas that later became parts of the United States. Explain how society was organized in Spain’s empire in the Americas. Objectives

14. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas Terms and People conquistador – Spanish explorer plantation – a large farm Circumnavigate – to travel completely around

15. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas How did Spain establish an empire in the Americas? By the early 1500s, the Spanish had a firm foothold in the Americas. The Spanish had 3 goals to exploration: Gold, God, & Glory

16. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas In 1519, conquistador Hernando Cortés sailed from Cuba to Mexico with more than 500 soldiers. Native Americans joined him because they had once been conquered by the Aztecs and wanted their land back. Later that year, Cortés marched into the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlán, where the Aztec leader Moctezuma tried to convince him to leave by offering him gold.

17. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas Instead, Cortés took Moctezuma hostage and claimed Mexico for Spain. In 1520, the Aztecs rebelled and drove the Spanish out. A year later, in 1521, Cortés returned and conquered the Aztecs and claimed the land known today as Mexico and named it New Spain.

18. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas In 1531, the conquistador Francisco Pizarro used the same methods as Cortés to conquer the Incas in modern-day Peru and to search for gold. * 1532 – led about 170 soldiers into the heart of the empire and took the Inca ruler, Atahualpa prisoner. The Inca people paid a huge ransom ($30million) to get the ruler back. However, Pizzaro instead executed Atahualpa. By 1533, the Spanish had defeated the Incas and took over their capital city of Cuzco.

19. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas In 1513, Juan Ponce de León sailed north from Puerto Rico and landed in present-day Florida. He became the first Spaniard to set foot in what is now the United States.

20. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas Other explorers found new lands while searching for the rumored cities of gold. The conquistador Francisco Coronado explored present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Kansas. Hernando de Soto explored the present- day southeastern United States and the Mississippi River.

21. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca also explored North America with his crew of 400 men. The Spaniards searched for gold in Florida and were attacked by Native Americans. The 80 survivors built boats, fled by sea, and landed at present-day Galveston Island on the Texas coast. Starvation and disease reduced their number to 15 before they were enslaved by local Native Americans. 1528

22. Chapter 2 Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas Finally, only four—including Cabeza de Vaca, and Estevanico, an African slave—remained alive. After six years they escaped and spent two years getting back to Mexico City. Estevanico led an expedition to the north to find cities, but he was killed by Native Americans, and the others returned to Mexico City. In Mexico City, the men told Spanish officials about cities of gold rumored to exist. 1534 1539 1536

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. At first, Spain let the conquistadors govern the lands they had conquered, but that did not work well. Spain then created a formal system of government to rule its colonies. Government officials granted settlers huge tracts of land to start mines, ranches, and plantations.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Missions played a major role in the Spanish colonies. The Spanish believed they had a duty to convert Native Americans to Christianity. San Francisco, San Diego, and other American cities got their start as Spanish missions in the 1700s.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Bartolomé de Las Casas was a missionary who greatly influenced the policies of Spain. encomienda – a land grant given by the Spanish government that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans The Spanish forced Native Americans to work in gold and silver mines, where many died. The Spanish government gave encomiendas to help colonists find workers for their land.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Largely due to Las Casas’s efforts, the government of Spain ordered reform of the encomienda system in the mid-1500s. Nevertheless, so many Native Americans died under Spanish rule that the colonists started importing African slaves in 1517. Some Spaniards, including Las Casas, protested this cruel treatment.