1. Understanding Inheritance Essential Question: What determines the expression of a trait? How can inheritance be modeled?

2. What Controls Traits?  1. Inside each cell is a nucleus that contains threadlike structures called chromosomes.  2. Mendel’s factors are parts of chromosomes, and each cell in the offspring contains chromosomes from both parents.

3. What Controls Traits?  3. A gene is a section on a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait.

4. What Controls Traits?  4. The different forms of a gene are called alleles.

5. What Controls Traits?  5. Geneticists refer to how a trait appears, or is expressed, as the trait’s phenotype.

6. What Controls Traits?  6. The two alleles that control the phenotype of a trait are called the trait’s genotype.  A. In genetics, uppercase letters represent dominant alleles, and lowercase letters represent recessive alleles.  B. When two alleles of a gene are the same, its genotype is homozygous.  C. If two alleles of a gene are different, its genotype is heterozygous.

7. What Controls Traits?

8. Modeling Inheritance  1. In a situation based on chance, such as flipping a coin, the chance of getting a certain outcome can be represented by a ratio such as 50:50, or 1:1.  2. A Punnett Square is a model that is used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.  A. To create a Punnett Square, you need to know the genotypes of both parents.  B. If you count large numbers of offspring from a particular cross, the overall ratio will be close to the ratio predicted by a Punnett square.

9. Modeling Inheritance

10.  3. A pedigree is a diagram that shows phenotypes of genetically related family members. It also gives clues about their genotypes.