1. First World War Treaties and the League of Nations

2. Can you identify them?

3. Woodrow Wilson President of Princeton Univ. 1902 President of Princeton Univ. 1902 Campaigned for president 1912—New Freedom— states’ rights & individualism Campaigned for president 1912—New Freedom— states’ rights & individualism Reelected 1916—based on social legislation and “he kept us out of the war” Reelected 1916—based on social legislation and “he kept us out of the war” April, 1917 asked Congress for declaration of war April, 1917 asked Congress for declaration of war January, 1918 speech to Congress “Fourteen Points” January, 1918 speech to Congress “Fourteen Points”

4. David Lloyd George 1890 entered House of 1890 entered House of Commons as a Liberal Commons as a Liberal During WW 1 was Minister of During WW 1 was Minister of Munitions and Secretary of War Munitions and Secretary of War 1916 became Prime Minister 1916 became Prime Minister Forced the adoption of the convoy system on Forced the adoption of the convoy system on the navy to counter German submarine activity the navy to counter German submarine activity At the Paris Peace Conference, was a moderating At the Paris Peace Conference, was a moderating influence on both Pres. Wilson and Georges influence on both Pres. Wilson and Georges Clemenceau Clemenceau

5. Georges Clemenceau Nicknamed “the Tiger” for Nicknamed “the Tiger” for his speaking ability his speaking ability Became Prime Minister for Became Prime Minister for a second time Nov. 1917 a second time Nov. 1917 Also served as Minister of War Also served as Minister of War At the Paris Peace Conference, worked to totally At the Paris Peace Conference, worked to totally humiliate Germany humiliate Germany Was unsatisfied with the treaty Was unsatisfied with the treaty Believed Wilson was too idealistic Believed Wilson was too idealistic

6. Vittorio Orlando Before WW I, served as Minister Before WW I, served as Minister of Education & Minister of Justice of Education & Minister of Justice In 1916 became Minister of the In 1916 became Minister of the Interior Interior 1917 became Prime Minister after 1917 became Prime Minister after the loss at Caporetto the loss at Caporetto He was the head of the Italian Delegation at the He was the head of the Italian Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference Paris Peace Conference Was unable to gain territory promised in 1915 Was unable to gain territory promised in 1915 Treaty of London; resigned June 1919 Treaty of London; resigned June 1919

7. The Treaties Treaty of Versailles w/Germany 1919 Treaty of Versailles w/Germany 1919 440 Articles 440 Articles Article 231 “war guilt clause” Article 231 “war guilt clause” Treaty of St. Germain w/Austria 1919 Treaty of St. Germain w/Austria 1919 Treaty of Neuilly w/Bulgaria 1919 Treaty of Neuilly w/Bulgaria 1919 Treaty of Trianon w/Hungary 1920 Treaty of Trianon w/Hungary 1920 Treaty of Sevres w/Turkey 1920 Treaty of Sevres w/Turkey 1920 Treaty of Lausanne w/Turkey 1923 Treaty of Lausanne w/Turkey 1923

9. Treaty of Versailles… were the terms carried out? League of Nations was created League of Nations was created Poland, France, Belgium & Denmark all did receive land; Germany did hand over all land stipulated by the treaty Poland, France, Belgium & Denmark all did receive land; Germany did hand over all land stipulated by the treaty All overseas colonies were handed over to the League All overseas colonies were handed over to the League Land taken from Russia was given back, except Poland, Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia were made independent—national self-determination Land taken from Russia was given back, except Poland, Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia were made independent—national self-determination Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 men; only on paper Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 men; only on paper

10. Germany’s navy was reduced to 6 battleships & no submarines (Germany couldn’t afford to build battleships anyway & navies were moving to destroyers and aircraft carriers) Germany’s navy was reduced to 6 battleships & no submarines (Germany couldn’t afford to build battleships anyway & navies were moving to destroyers and aircraft carriers) Submariners were trained abroad—not covered in the treaty, so this did not break the treaty Submariners were trained abroad—not covered in the treaty, so this did not break the treaty No air force… happened; but pilots trained abroad No air force… happened; but pilots trained abroad Western Germany was demilitarized Western Germany was demilitarized There was no union with Austria There was no union with Austria

11. Germany did pay some of the reparations; Germany did not refuse to pay in 1922, just did not produce the railroad ties; in the 1920s the Allies reduced reparation payments Germany did pay some of the reparations; Germany did not refuse to pay in 1922, just did not produce the railroad ties; in the 1920s the Allies reduced reparation payments Germany did not start systematically breaking the Versailles treaty until Hitler came to power Germany did not start systematically breaking the Versailles treaty until Hitler came to power

12. What are the elements in the cartoon? What do you see? Who is the person? What do the elements represent? What is the cartoonist’ message?

13. League of Nations Why, in spite of early successes, did the LofN fail to prevent the outbreak of the 2 nd WW? Why, in spite of early successes, did the LofN fail to prevent the outbreak of the 2 nd WW? (a)Explain why one international org. was founded. (a)Explain why one international org. was founded. (b)To what extent was its structure & org. appropriate for implementing [carrying out] its aims? (b)To what extent was its structure & org. appropriate for implementing [carrying out] its aims? Why did the League of Nations fail to secure European peace? What were the main criticisms of the Lof N and to what extent were they justified? To what extent was the failure & collapse of the LofN the cause of the Second World War?

14. League of Nations Palace of Nations—Geneva, Switzerland—League Headquarters 1938-1946 Palace of Nations—Geneva, Switzerland—League Headquarters 1938-1946

15. Aims: promote int’l cooperation—settle disputes Aims: promote int’l cooperation—settle disputes through negotiation through negotiation prevent war through collective security prevent war through collective security improve global welfare improve global welfare disarmament disarmament January 1920: formally came into existence January 1920: formally came into existence Official languages: French & English Official languages: French & English

16. League Bodies Council Council Assembly Assembly Secretariat… headed by Secretary-General Secretariat… headed by Secretary-General Closely related, but autonomous bodies… Closely related, but autonomous bodies… Permanent Court of International Justice Permanent Court of International Justice International Labor Organization International Labor Organization League established subsidiary bodies to promote cooperation in fields of health, education, social & economic matters League established subsidiary bodies to promote cooperation in fields of health, education, social & economic matters

17. No military or peacekeeping force No military or peacekeeping force Member nations were NOT required to provide troops if it became necessary to ensure peace Member nations were NOT required to provide troops if it became necessary to ensure peace “Anything the League does or does not do is due to the policies of the Government members of the League, who, in their turn, are moved by the pressure of public opinion behind them” “Anything the League does or does not do is due to the policies of the Government members of the League, who, in their turn, are moved by the pressure of public opinion behind them” https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/league- web/book/title.html https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/league- web/book/title.html

19. Assembly Contained all League members Contained all League members Each country had 1 vote, though could have up to three delegates Each country had 1 vote, though could have up to three delegates Decisions were unanimous vote Decisions were unanimous vote Questions of procedure, membership of committees or election of temporary members of the Council were majority decision Questions of procedure, membership of committees or election of temporary members of the Council were majority decision New nations admitted by 2/3 vote New nations admitted by 2/3 vote

20. First Assembly

21. 1920... 42 members 1920... 42 members During the 1920s… During the 1920s… 14 additional countries admitted 14 additional countries admitted Hungary (1922) Hungary (1922) Germany (1926) Germany (1926) 2 countries withdrew (Brazil & Costa Rica) 2 countries withdrew (Brazil & Costa Rica)

22. Chinese Delegation 1920

23. During the 1930s… During the 1930s… 7 additional countries admitted 7 additional countries admitted Kingdom of Iraq (1932) Kingdom of Iraq (1932) Turkey admitted (1932) Turkey admitted (1932) USSR admitted (1934) USSR admitted (1934) 13 countries withdrew 13 countries withdrew Germany & Japan (1933) Germany & Japan (1933) Italy (1937) Italy (1937) 2 countries annexed 2 countries annexed Austria (1938) Austria (1938) Albania (1939) Albania (1939) 1 country expelled… USSR (1939) 1 country expelled… USSR (1939)

24. Council Met every three months Met every three months Began with four permanent members… Began with four permanent members… France, G. Britain, Italy, Japan France, G. Britain, Italy, Japan USA was supposed to be a permanent member; Germany was given the US seat in 1926 USA was supposed to be a permanent member; Germany was given the US seat in 1926 There were four non-permanent members, later changed to 10 non-permanent members There were four non-permanent members, later changed to 10 non-permanent members Main task was to settle international disputes Main task was to settle international disputes

25. Responsible for protecting minorities in different parts of Europe Responsible for protecting minorities in different parts of Europe Oversaw Mandate system Oversaw Mandate system Responsible for the Saar Governing Commission Responsible for the Saar Governing Commission Decisions were by unanimous vote Decisions were by unanimous vote

26. Secretariat The “civil service” of the League The “civil service” of the League Were not representatives of their home governments Were not representatives of their home governments Secretary-Generals… Secretary-Generals… from UK 1920-1933 from UK 1920-1933 from France 1933-1940 from France 1933-1940 from Ireland 1940-1946 from Ireland 1940-1946

27. Mandate System The origin of the idea of a mandate system was in Wilson’s 5 th point of the 14 Points—”a free, open- minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims…” The origin of the idea of a mandate system was in Wilson’s 5 th point of the 14 Points—”a free, open- minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims…” Set up in Article 22 of the Versailles Treaty Set up in Article 22 of the Versailles Treaty Limited to former colonies of Germany and non- Turkish areas of the Ottoman Empire Limited to former colonies of Germany and non- Turkish areas of the Ottoman Empire Mandatory countries were to file annual reports with the Permanent Mandates Commission Mandatory countries were to file annual reports with the Permanent Mandates Commission There was no requirement that Mandatory countries take specific steps to help countries actually achieve self government & independence There was no requirement that Mandatory countries take specific steps to help countries actually achieve self government & independence

28. Areas felt to be closest to achieving democratic self rule were referred to as “A” Mandates… all A Mandates were in the Middle East Areas felt to be closest to achieving democratic self rule were referred to as “A” Mandates… all A Mandates were in the Middle East Areas felt to need guidance and protection of a mandatory power to learn to establish an eventual democratic nation were referred to as “B” Mandates… B Mandates were mostly in Africa Areas felt to need guidance and protection of a mandatory power to learn to establish an eventual democratic nation were referred to as “B” Mandates… B Mandates were mostly in Africa Areas felt to be better off as part of a Mandatory nation; they might become independent far in the future and were referred to as “C” Mandates… they were located in Africa & the South Pacific Areas felt to be better off as part of a Mandatory nation; they might become independent far in the future and were referred to as “C” Mandates… they were located in Africa & the South Pacific

29. Mandatory Countries Great Britain Great Britain France France Japan Japan South Africa South Africa Belgium Belgium Australia Australia New Zealand New Zealand NOTE: Italy did NOT receive a mandate NOTE: Italy did NOT receive a mandate

30. Enforcement of League Decisions Moral persuasion… use of diplomacy Moral persuasion… use of diplomacy Economic sanctions Economic sanctions Use of military force, but the League had no army… it had to rely on member states to provide military Use of military force, but the League had no army… it had to rely on member states to provide military

32. Sources http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm http://www.indiana.edu/~league/ http://www.indiana.edu/~league/ http://www.indiana.edu/~league/ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWleague.htm http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWleague.htm http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWleague.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.ul/leagueofnations.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.ul/leagueofnations.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.ul/leagueofnations.htm http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/league18-46.html http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/league18-46.html http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/league18-46.html http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600581D0E/(httpPages)/1DB47BF4B01671BF80256EF70059153C?OpenDoc ument http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600581D0E/(httpPages)/1DB47BF4B01671BF80256EF70059153C?OpenDoc ument http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600581D0E/(httpPages)/1DB47BF4B01671BF80256EF70059153C?OpenDoc ument http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600581D0E/(httpPages)/1DB47BF4B01671BF80256EF70059153C?OpenDoc ument https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/league-web/book/title.html https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/league-web/book/title.html https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/league-web/book/title.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Nations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Nations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Nations http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/browse/cartoon_item/anytext=League%20of%20Nations?artist=Low;%20Dav id%20(1891-1963) &subjects_text[]=League%20of%20Nations%201919&page=17 http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/browse/cartoon_item/anytext=League%20of%20Nations?artist=Low;%20Dav id%20(1891-1963) &subjects_text[]=League%20of%20Nations%201919&page=17 http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/browse/cartoon_item/anytext=League%20of%20Nations?artist=Low;%20Dav id%20(1891-1963) http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/browse/cartoon_item/anytext=League%20of%20Nations?artist=Low;%20Dav id%20(1891-1963) http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/wilson.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/wilson.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/wilson.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/lloydgeorge.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/lloydgeorge.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/lloydgeorge.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/clemenceau.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/clemenceau.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/clemenceau.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/orlando.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/orlando.htm http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/orlando.htm http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Mandates-and-Trusteeships-League-of-nations- mandates.html http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Mandates-and-Trusteeships-League-of-nations- mandates.html http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Mandates-and-Trusteeships-League-of-nations- mandates.html http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Mandates-and-Trusteeships-League-of-nations- mandates.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-Trusteeship-Council-THE-MANDATE-SYSTEM- OF-THE-LEAGUE-OF-NATIONS.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-Trusteeship-Council-THE-MANDATE-SYSTEM- OF-THE-LEAGUE-OF-NATIONS.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-Trusteeship-Council-THE-MANDATE-SYSTEM- OF-THE-LEAGUE-OF-NATIONS.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-Trusteeship-Council-THE-MANDATE-SYSTEM- OF-THE-LEAGUE-OF-NATIONS.html