2. Variability and Forcing of Fluxes through Nares Strait and Jones Sound: A Freshwater Emphasis Kelly Falkner, Roger Samelson, Marta Torres, Oregon State University (OSU) Andreas Münchow, Kuo Wong, University of Delaware (UDel) Humfrey Melling, Fiona McLaughlin, Robie Macdonald, Eddy Carmack, Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS), Canada Tom Agnew, Atmosphere & Environment, Canada Peter Jones, John N. Smith, Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO), Canada

3. 10% of world’s river water 25% of world’s shelves 3.9% ocean area 1.2% ocean volume

4. Challenges: Magnetic North Pole nearby Ice bridges and ice bergs Strong tidal currents (~ 1 m/s) Small internal Rossby radii (ocean and atmosphere) Ageostrophic winds (hydraulics, katabatics) Ice and water contribute to freshwater flux Canadian & Greenland native community concerns June 3, 1998 AVHRR

5. Objectives: Freshwater fluxes from tidal to interannual time scales: Barotropic vs. baroclinic contribution to flux? Local vs. remotely forced flux? Tidally rectified contribution to mean flux? Quantify flows Quantify tracer distributions Develop proxy records Diagnose dynamics Suggest monitoring array Conduct outreach & training

6. Moorings (velocity, pressure, salinity, ice draft, tracers) Surveys (tracers, hydrography, velocity) Remote Sensing (AMSR*, AVHRR) Paleo-environmental proxies (bivalves, cores) Modeling (sub-mesoscale winds) Teachers, students and native participants “on board” Methods *EOS Aqua Satellite Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-E 89 GHz, daily coverage, 4x6 km spatial resolution ~40 year’s worth of “tree rings” water samplers

7. Humfrey Melling’s Mooring Program

8. Torsionally rigid ADCP mooring design Melling

9. Project Time Table Jan. 1, 2003: summer 2003: spring 2005: summer 2006: spring 2007: Dec. 31, 2007: NSF funding starts Mooring deployment from USCGC Healy Mooring recovery and re-deployment through ice Survey from CCGS Louis St. Laurent (?) Mooring recovery through ice (3.5 yr record) NSF funding stops

12. Main Section: EllesmereGreenland ~3L d L d is the internal Rossby radius of deformation Measure flux with moored 75 kHz ADCPs and CT/CTD strings that resolve L d 0-m -500-m +500-m

13. Gaps from our perspective  Lack of in-channel meteorological observations  Jones Sound program terminating 2004  Lancaster Sound program insufficient  Ice-ocean-atm dynamical modeling