1. Best Practice Methods and cost analysis of reworking a large scale vineyard

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12. LAYERING A valuable method for “VIP” vineyards, layers may end up replacing originals as we lose them!! Burying canes will induce rooting as vines have a strong callusing ability This is enhanced by moisture Temperatures between 15 - 25 ºC are optimal. Fill the wire Suitable for one vine space Attention to detail early will pay dividends Follow–up in the first season to optimise production

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16. Selecting Layers Layering is most suitable when identical parent material is desired and replants/cuttings are unlikely to succeed Best for the layer to start as low on the mother vine as possible – away from any eutypa (as opposed from the end of a cordon) Healthy vine Strong growth and good trunk No disease symptoms Strong position in the cordon Pencil thickness at the “layer” end of the cane – may take 2 seasons

17. Layering Method Select suitable wood Lightly wrap down to a ‘layering wire’, ready for next season Dig hole to at least 20 x 20 x 20 cms Peg down the layer using “trellis” wire inverted “U”s String firmly from peg to cordon wire Place a generous amount of good compost over the layer Backfill with removed soil Mulch to ensure moisture retention Wrap the layer onto the string, use a second string if necessary but do not over tighten Milk cartons can be avoided if the layer that has been buried that winter/spring was actually long enough to reach the cordon wire (the rest of it should be lignified)

18. Layering - Timing Providing the wire you are going to wrap the cane down to is installed: Approx I min to wrap the cane Every 2 months a follow up visit 1 minute/ cane to train (for 2 years) 5-10 minutes to dig the hole, bury the cane and top tie 18

19. Layering Management 2-4 weeks post budburst all layers and canes must be followed up Remove all growth except for 2 shoots at the tip for both layers and canes Revisit layers every 2-3 weeks, until growth slows (veraison at the latest) to wrap on growth Tip the layer to form cordons Follow-up during formation of vine framework every 2-3 weeks Leave layer for as long as practical, but remove once the “nurse” thickness being 3 cms Approximately a 5 year process