1. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 13

2. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-2 Origin and Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy Initially small: 3,000 employees in 1800 Federal government’s role confined Defense Foreign affairs Currency Interstate commerce Delivery of mail

3. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-3 Origin and Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy Dramatic growth in latter part of 1800s in response to economic growth Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce and Labor Biggest growth spurt in the 1930s in response to the Great Depression SEC, SSA, FDIC, TVA

4. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-4

5. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-5 Origin and Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy Types of federal agencies Cabinet departments Fifteen departments: State, Defense, Justice, etc. Independent agencies Narrower area of responsibility: CIA, NASA, etc. Regulatory agencies SEC, EPA, etc.

6. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-6

7. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-7 Origin and Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy Types of federal agencies Government corporations USPS, FDIC, Amtrak, etc. Presidential commissions Permanent commissions: Civil Rights, Fine Arts Temporary: Bush’s Commission to Strengthen Social Security

8. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-8 Origin and Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy Federal employment 2,500,000 civilian employees Most hired by merit criteria Patronage system—designed to improve link between administration and the people Abuses—spoils system Merit system Neutral competence

9. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-9

10. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-10 The Budgetary Process Year and a half long; begins with presidential guidelines Agencies develop detailed budget; president finalizes with OMB Congress alters through budget and appropriations committees; full House and Senate vote President signs or vetoes

11. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-11

12. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-12 Policy and Power in the Bureaucracy Administrative agencies’ chief task: policy implementation Wide discretion in some areas Rulemaking Originating policy ideas

13. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-13 Policy and Power in the Bureaucracy The agency point of view Comes naturally to high-ranking civil servants Cemented by professionalism Distorts government priorities Agency must seek support wherever it can find it President; Congress; political parties Agencies are forced to play politics

14. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-14 Policy and Power in the Bureaucracy Sources of bureaucratic power 1. Expertise 2. Clientele groups Reciprocal relationship 3. Friends in high places Agency goals may conflict with president or Congress, but they still need agency expertise and competency.

15. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Educational Backgrounds of Bureaucrats 13-15

16. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-16 Democracy and Bureaucratic Accountability Accountability through the presidency Reorganization Presidential appointments OMB: budgets, regulations, and legislative proposals

17. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-17 Democracy and Bureaucratic Accountability Accountability through Congress The “power of the purse” Oversight function; increased use of GAO Ways to constrain the bureaucracy before it acts Drafting laws with specific instructions for implementation Sunset provisions

18. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-18 Democracy and Bureaucratic Accountability Accountability through the courts An injured party can bring suit against an agency Accountability within the bureaucracy itself Senior Executive Service (SES) Administrative law judges Whistleblowing Demographic representativeness

19. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-19