1. Exploration Chapter 1 Sections 1 & 2

2. Ancient Cultures Approx. 22,000 years ago the 1 st Americans arrived Approx. 22,000 years ago the 1 st Americans arrived –Ice Age creates land bridge between Asia & Alaska called Beringia

3. Cultural Development 1 st Americans are big game hunters 1 st Americans are big game hunters –10,000-12,000 years ago earth heats up People change to small animals & gatherers People change to small animals & gatherers Agriculture develops in Mexico & South America Agriculture develops in Mexico & South America –This development allows people to settle –Many cultures remain nomadic; moving place to place

4. South American Empires Olmec, Maya, then Aztecs settled in Mexico in the 1200’s Olmec, Maya, then Aztecs settled in Mexico in the 1200’s Most prominent were Inca; build a sprawling empire along western coast of South America Most prominent were Inca; build a sprawling empire along western coast of South America

5. Native Americans People adapt to climate People adapt to climate –Coastal tribes fish, forests provide wildlife & berries –Southwest tribes live in adobes, grow corn Common characteristics Common characteristics –Trade; routes spread throughout North America –Spirituality; both living & non-living things have spirits –Family; extended and steeped in tradition

6. West Africa Three kingdoms: Songhai, Benin, Kongo Three kingdoms: Songhai, Benin, Kongo –Songhai; controls trans-Saharan trade, charge taxes & become rich –Benin; forest kingdoms along southern coast, control Niger Delta –Kongo; West Central Africa, Congo river Lived in small villages, strong family bonds, rulers b/c of religion, one god (Islam), collective ownership Lived in small villages, strong family bonds, rulers b/c of religion, one god (Islam), collective ownership

7. European Societies Social Hierarchy; monarchs, aristocracy, landowners, clergy, laborers & peasants Social Hierarchy; monarchs, aristocracy, landowners, clergy, laborers & peasants –Artisans & merchants might move in rank Christianity, dominant religion. Pope holds authority Christianity, dominant religion. Pope holds authority –Christianity vs. Islam= Crusades –Crusades begin change in Europe

8. Reformation & Renaissance Reformation- seeking reform in the church Reformation- seeking reform in the church –Leads to split, Protestant & Catholic Renaissance- rebirth; interest in physical world, art, science, philosophy, geography Renaissance- rebirth; interest in physical world, art, science, philosophy, geography –3D look at world, most art religious based Da Vinci, Gutenberg’s printing press Da Vinci, Gutenberg’s printing press Europe begins to expand; Age of Exploration Europe begins to expand; Age of Exploration –Christopher Columbus, Marco Polo, De Gama

9. Columbus crosses the Atlantic Looking for route to Asia, finds the Caribbean and Indios (Indians) Looking for route to Asia, finds the Caribbean and Indios (Indians) –Spain wants to colonize the area –Dominate the natives & use for slave labor –Disease kills natives, bring in Africans Spurs competition in Europe, Spain & Portugal decide to split Western Hemisphere Spurs competition in Europe, Spain & Portugal decide to split Western Hemisphere –Columbian Exchange begins transferring goods, animals to Europe & brings things back

10. Spanish claims New Empire Conquistadors search for gold & silver Conquistadors search for gold & silver Hernándo Cortés learns of Aztec wealth Hernándo Cortés learns of Aztec wealth –Aztec leader Montezuma agrees to share the wealth. Spanish get greedy make laborers out of Aztecs Want to impose culture on natives Want to impose culture on natives Built empire New Spain Built empire New Spain –Modern day Mexico & parts of Guatemala

11. Explores Southwest & West Not looking for gold, but Christian converts Not looking for gold, but Christian converts –Led by Catholic priests, they move through Southwest (New Mexico) –Catholic missions spring up all over California missions founded California missions founded –Start in San Diego, build every 30 miles The Spanish will eventually be beaten by the English & they will begin to colonize The Spanish will eventually be beaten by the English & they will begin to colonize